$BK\;vNc$K$*$1$k9_?e%;%kNs$O!"?7$7$$9_?e%;%k$,4{B8$N9_?e%;%k$N?J9TJ}8~8eJ}(B
$B$G7+$jJV$7H/@8$9$k$3$H$K$h$j7A@.$5$l$F$$$?!#=>$C$F!"%P%C%/%S%k%G%#%s%07?(B
$B$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!"9_?e%;%kNs$NKLB&$K0LCV$9(B
$B$k?jB`4|$N9_?e%;%kFbIt$N2<9_N.$O=a$G$"$k$?$a$K9_?eN3;R$N>xH/Nd(B
$B5Q$N1F6A$,>.$5$$$H$$$&M}M3$,9M$($i$l$k!#$5$i$K!"9_?e%;%kNs$NKLB&$NNN0h$O(B
$BBPN.CfN)[email protected]>uBV$G$"$C$?!#$3$l$OA0@~IU6a$GH/@8$7$?BPN.3hF0$K$h$k$b$N$H(B
$B9M$($i$l$k!#$3$NBg5$4D6->l>l$NFCD'$N$?$a$K!"9_?e%;%k$O?eJ?<}B+$NBg$-$$9_(B
$B?e%;%kNs$NFnC<$G$N$_H/@8$7!"KLB&$NNN0h$G$O9_?e%;%k$NH/@8$,4QB,$5$l$J$+$C(B
$B$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#$^$?!"9_?e%;%kNs$ND9$5(B($B$*$h$=(B20$B!A(B40 km)$B$O9_?e%;%k$N-1)$B$G(B
$B5,Dj$5$l$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#0J>e$h$j!"K\8&5f$G$O4QB,$5$l$?G_1+A0@~$K=a$G$"$k>l$K$*$$$FH/@8$7$?%P%C%/%S%k%G%#%s%07?(B
$B$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$G$"$k$H$$$&;v$r4QB,E*$K<($7$?!#(B
$B?^(B3: 2006$BG/(B6$B7n(B10$BF|(B15:00$B$N5$>]D#%l!<%@!<$K$h$k5\8EEg<~JU$N9_1+6/EY$NJ,I[?^(B
$B$r<($9!#1_$OL>Bg%l!<%@!<$N4QB,HO0O(B($BH>7B(B64 km)$B!#(B
$B?^(B4: $BL>Bg%l!<%@!<$G4QB,$5$l$?(B2006$BG/(B6$B7n(B10$BF|$N(B14$B;~(B42$BJ,$+$i(B15$B;~(B06$BJ,$^$G$N(B6$BJ,(B
$B4V3V$N9bEY(B2 km$B$NH?]$H$7$?9_?e%;%kNs$K4X$9$k9_1+0h(B
$B$N$_$r?^<($7$F$$$k!#%3%s%?!<$OH?
$B?^(B5: $B?^(B4$BCf$N(B14:48$B$N(BX-Y$B@~$K1h$C$?1tD>CGLL$K$*$1$kH?Iw$N1tD>J,I[$r<($9!#(B
$BBfIw$N9_1+BS$KH/@8$7$?N54,(B
$BN54,$H$O@Q1@$d@QMp1@$N2l=j$G$bN54,$K$h$kK=Iw$,H/@8$9$k$3$H$,$"$j!"$3$l$,(B
$BKI:R$NE@$GBg$-$JLdBj$G$"$k!#(B2006$BG/(B9$B7n(B17$BF|$KBfIw(B13$B9f(B(T0613)$B$,6e=#$N@>$rKL(B
$B>e$7$F$$$k$H$-!"5\:j8)1d2,;T$GN54,$,H/@8$7!"$=$N6/Iw$K$h$jBg$-$J:R32$,H/(B
$B@8$7$?!#K\8&5f$G$O1@2rA|%b%G%k$rMQ$$$F!"BfIw$KH<$C$FH/@8$7$?9_1+BS$N@QMp(B
$B1@$HN54,$NFCD'$rD4$Y$?!#(B
$BK\8&5f$G$O$^$:1@2rA|%b%G%k(B Cloud Resolving Storm Simulator (CReSS) $B$rMQ(B
$B$$$FBfIwA4BN$r9b2rA|EY$G%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r9T$C$?!#%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$N7k2L(B
$B$O(BT0613$B$NA4BNE*$J9=B$$H0\F0$r@:EY$h$/:F8=$7$?!#6e=#$NElB&$K0LCV$9$k9_1+(B
$BBSItJ,$G$O!"#3K\$N9_1+BS$,%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$5$l$?!#$3$l$i$N9_1+BS$OB??t$N(B
$BBPN.%;%k$,JB$V$3$H$K$h$j9=@.$5$l$F$*$j!"$=$l$i$NB?$/$O%9!<%Q!<%;%k$G$"$C(B
$B$?!#(B
$BB?$/$NN54,$N?eJ?%9%1!<%k$O?t(B100m$B0J2<$G$"$k$N$G!"?tCM%b%G%k$K$*$$$FN54,$r(B
$B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$9$k$?$a$K$O?t(B10m$B$N?eJ?2rA|EY$,I,MW$G$"$k!#K\8&5f$G$O?eJ?(B
$B2rA|EY$r(B75m$B$H$7$F%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r9T$C$?!#\:Y$J9=B$$r<($7$?!#%9!<%Q!<%;%k$OFnKLJ}8~$K(B20 km$B!"El@>J}8~$K(B
10 km$BDxEY$NBg$-$5$r;}$A!"6/$$9_?e$,%;%kFnIt$N@>B&$GH/@8$7$F$$$k!#82Cx$J%U(B
$B%C%/9=B$(B ($BD`$j?K>u9=B$(B) $B$,%;%kFnCu$N9_?e9=B$$NFbB&$K7A@.$7$F$$$kMM;R$,8+$i$l$k!#N54,$N?eJ?D>7B$OLs(B
300 m$B$G!"$3$l$O1d2,$NN54,$NHo32I}$,(B200 m$BDxEY$G$"$C$?$3$H$+$i4QB,$H$h$/0l(B
$BCW$7$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#N54,$N12EY$N:GBg$O(B0.9 s-1$B$G!"Cf?4$N5$05JP:9$O(B-27
hPa$B$G$"$C$?!#5$05>l$HB.EY>l$,$h$$BP1~$r<($7$F$$$k$3$H$+$i!"$3$N12$O@{9UIw(B
$B%P%i%s%[email protected])$7$F$$$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#$3$l$ON54,$N:G$b82Cx$JFCD'$N0l$D(B
$B$G$"$k!#(B
$B1d2,;T$G6/Iw:R32$,H/@8$7$?$h$&$K!"%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$5$l$?N54,<~JU$NIwB.$O(B
$BHs>o$KBg$-$/!"N54,$NElB&$G$O(B70 ms-1$B0J>e$KC#$7$F$$$k(B($B?^(B8)$B!#0lJ}$GN54,$N@>(B
$BB&$NIwB.$OAjBPE*$K>.$5$$!#$3$NIwB.$NHsBP>N@-$OKL?J$9$kN54,$N1&B&!JElB&!K(B
$B$G$N:R32$,Bg$-$$$3$H$HBP1~$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B$b$&0l$D$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s
$B?^(B6: $B?eJ?2rA|EY(B75m$B$Nl=j$r<($9!#(B
$B?^(B7: $B?^(B6$B$N1_$G<($7$?ItJ,$N3HBg?^!#%0%l!<%9%1!<%k$O1+?e:.9gHf(B(g kg-1
)$B!"EyCM@~$O12EY!J(B0.1s-1$B$+$i(B0.1s-1, $B$4$H!K!#(B
$B?^(B8: $B9bEY(B730 m$B$N?eJ?B.EYJ,I[!J%0%l!<%9%1!<%k(B; m s-1$B!K!"EyCM@~(B
$B$O12EY!J(B0.1s-1$B$+$i(B0.1s-1, $B$4$H!K!#(B
$B1@2rA|%b%G%k(BCReSS$B$rMQ$$$?BfIw$N:F8=$HI>2A(B
$BF|K\$K$*$$$F$O!"KhG/BfIw$NK=Iw1+$K$h$C$FB?Bg$JHo32$,$b$?$i$5$l$k!#BfIw(B
$B$NK=Iw1+$K$h$kHo32CO0h$d;YJ'$o$l$kB;32J]81NA$rM=B,$9$k>e$G!"@:EY$N9b$$(B
$BBfIwM=B,$,5a$a$i$l$F$$$k!#K=Iw1+$N$h$&$J82Cx8=>]$r@5$7$/M=Js$r$9$k$?$a(B
$B$K$O!"BfIw$N%9%Q%$%i%k%P%s%I$r2rA|=PMh$k$[$I9bJ,2rG=$J?tCM%b%G%k$,I,MW(B
$B$G$"$k!#K\8&5f$G$O1@2rA|%b%G%k(BCReSS$B$rMQ$$$FF|K\$KB?Bg$JHo32$r$b$?$i$7(B
$B$?BfIw$K$D$$$F$N(B10$B;vNc$N?tCM%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r9T$$!"$=$N@:EY$NI>2A$r9T(B
$B$C$?!#(B
$B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$N(B1$BNc$H$7$F(B2004$BG/$NBh(B18$B9fBfIw$KBP$7$F(B48$B;~4V$N%7%_(B
$B%e%l!<%7%g%s$r8~$9$k(B
$BMM;R!">eN&0LCV!"$=$N8e$N2CB.$J$I!"%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$O8=l$NCJ3,$G$OCf?45$05$K(B20 hPa$B$N:9$,$"$C$?(B
$B$,!"Ls(B6$B;~4V8e$K8=eN&;~$NCf?45$05!J(B945
hPa$B!K$K$D$$$F$O!"Ls(B1 hPa$BDxEY$N8m:9$H$J$C$F$$$k!#$^$?!"6e=#$rCf?4$H$7$?(B
$BBg1+$d(B35 m s-1$B$r1[$($k$h$&$J6/Iw$b$+$J$j$h$/:F8=$G$-$F$$$k!#(B
$B2A$r9T$C$?!#?^(B10
$B$O(B1$B;~4V9_?eNL$,(B20 mm$B0J>e$N6/1+IQEY$r<($7$?$b$N$G$"$k!#3J;R2rA|EY$,$*$h(B
$B$=(B20 km$B$N5$>]D#NN0h%b%G%k(BRSM$B$KBP$7$F!"3J;R2rA|EY$,(B2.5 km$B$N(BCReSS$B$G$O6/1+(B
$B$NIQEY$N:F8=@-$,NI$$$3$H$,<($5$l$F$$$k!#0lJ}!"6/Iw:R32$K$*$$$F:GBg=V4V(B
$BIwB.$,=EMW$JMWAG$G$"$k$,!"$3$NCM$rD>@\7W;;$9$k$3$H$OFq$7$$!#$=$3$G:GBg(B
$B=V4VIwB.$H:GBgIwB.$NHf$H$7$FDj5A$5$l$kFMIwN($H(BCReSS$B$G7W;;$5$l$?:GBgIwB.(B
$B$r3]$1$k$3$H$K$h$C$F:GBg=V4VIwB.$r8+@Q$b$j!"$=$NI>2A$r9T$C$?(B($B?^(B11)$B!#$=(B
$B$N7k2L!"Aj4X78?t$,(B 0.83 $B$H$$$&Hs>o$K9b$$@:EY$G:GBg=V4VIwB.$N8+@Q$b$j$r(B
$B9T$&$3$H$,$G$-$?!#0J>e$N$3$H$+$i!"(BCReSS$B$rMQ$$$?9b2rA|EY$G$NBfIw$N%7%_%e(B
$B%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$O!"BfIw$K$h$kK=Iw1+$r$+$J$j9b$$@:EY$G:F8=$G$-$k$3$H$r3N(B
$BG'$G$-$?!#(B
$B?^(B9: 2004$BG/$NBh(B18$B9fBfIw$KBP$9$k(BCReSS$B$rMQ$$$?%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L!#GK@~!"(B
$B$l8=-1$B!"(B25 m s-1$B!"(B35 m s-1 $B0J>e$N(B
$B6/Iw0h$rI=$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B?^(B10: 1$B;~4V9_?eNL$,(B20 mm$B0J>e$N9_?e$NIQEYJ,I[$r<($9!#=D<4$O3F1+NL$rD6$($k(B
$B9_?e$NH/@8IQEY$r5,3J2=$7$F(B($BC10L$O(B%)$B<($7$F$$$k!#K@%0%i%U$OA49q$N5$>]41=p(B
$B$K$h$k4QB,7k2L(B($B:8(B)$B!"(BCReSS$B$K$h$k7W;;7k2L(B($BCf(B)$B!"5$>]D#NN0h%b%G%k(BRSM$B$K$h$k7k(B
$B2L(B($B1&(B)$B$r<($9!#(B
$B?^(B11: CReSS$B$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$h$j?dDj$5$l$?:GBg=V4VIwB.(B($B=D<4(B)$B$H4QB,(B
$B$5$l$?:GBg=V4VIwB.(B($B2#<4(B)$B;6I[?^$r<($9!#(B
GCM$B3J;R%9%1!<%k$G$NAm?eNL$N3NN(L)EYJ,I[(B $B!A(B $B1@2rA|%b%G%k$N7k2L$rMQ$$$?(B
$B2r@O(B $B!A(B
$BBg5$Bg=[4D%b%G%k(B(GCM)$B$K$*$$$F!"Bg5,LO6E7k2aDx(B(GCM$B3J;R%9%1!<%k$G$N1@$N@8(B
$B@.!&>CLG2aDx(B)$B$OBg$-$JIT3NDj@-$rM-$9$k!#Bg5,LO6E7k2aDx$G$O!"(BGCM$B3J;R%9%1!<(B
$B%k$G5,Dj$5$l$kAm?eNL$NJ?6QCM$KBP$7$F!"5,Dj$5$l$?3NN(L)EYJ,I[(B(PDF)$B$GAm?e(B
$BNL$,9-$,$j$r;}$D;v$r2>Dj$7$F!"3J;R%9%1!<%k$N6E7k?eNL$d1@NL$J$I$r5,Dj$9(B
$B$k!#K\8&5f$G$O!"1@2rA|%b%G%k(BCReSS$B$rMQ$$$FF|K\<~JU$rBP>]$H$7$?KhF|$N%7%_(B
$B%e%l!<%7%g%s
GCM$B3J;R%9%1!<%k$N(BPDF$B$r7W;;$9$k$?$a$K!"(B2004$BG/(B12$B7n(B29$BF|$+$i(B2005$BG/(B12$B7n(B16$BF|$^(B
$B$G$N$[$\(B1$BG/4V$N$&$A!"7W;;$,9T$J$o$l$J$+$C$?F|$r=|$/(B303$BF|J,$N1@2rA|%b%G%k(B
CReSS$B$rMQ$$$?F|K\<~JU$NKhF|$N%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s2rA|EY$O(B0.5 km$B$G$"$k!#E,MQ$9$k(BGCM$B$H$7$F?eJ?2rA|(B
$BEY$,$*$h$=(B2.8$BEY$N(BT42$B$rA[Dj$7$F$$$k!#A[Dj$5$l$k(BGCM$B3J;R%9%1!<%kKh$K(BCReSS$B$N(B
$B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$+$iF@$i$l$?Am?eNL$NJ?6QCM(B(GCM$B3J;RCM$KAjEv$9$k(B)$B$r7W(B
$B;;$7!"Am?eNL$NJ?6QCM$KBP$7$F(B 0.1 g kg-1 $BKh$N%S%s$r@_Dj$7$F!"Am?eNL$NJ?6Q(B
$BCMKh$K$=$NIQEYJ,I[$r@Q;;!"5,3J2=$9$k;v$K$h$j(BPDF$B$r=PNO$7$?!#(B
$BAm?eNL(B 0.1 g kg-1 $BKh$N(B GCM $B3J;RJ?6Q$KAjEv$9$kCM$KBP$9$kAm?eNL(B
$B$NI8=`JP:9$HODEY$N%W%m%U%!%$%k$r?^(B12$B$K<($9!#Am?eNL$N3J;RJ?6Q$KAjEv$9$kCM(B
$B$,(B5$B!A(B15 g kg-1$B$G$O!"I8=`JP:9$NCM$O$[$\(B1.2 g kg-1$B!"(B
$BODEY$NCM$O$[$\(B0.2$B$G0lDj$NCM$r<($7$F$$$k!#8D!9$N%1!<%9Kh$NAm?eNL$N(BPDF$B$O!"(B
$B@55,J,I[$K6a$$$b$N!"%T!<%/CM$,Hs>o$KBg$-$/$J$k$b$N!"%@%V%k%T!<%/$NJ,I[$r(B
$B$b$D$b$N!"I}$N9-$$Bf7A$K6a$$7A>u$NJ,I[$r$b$D$b$N$J$IB?MM$G$"$k$,!"%P%k%/(B
$B$GAm?eNL$N(BPDF$B$r9M$($k>l9g$K$O@55,J,I[$K6a$$7A>u$r<($7$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B
$B$3$N$3$H$O!"8=:_MQ$$$i$l$F$$$kBg5,LO6E7k2aDx$J$I$N(BPDF$B$H$7$F!"@55,J,I[$r(B
$B2>Dj$7$F$bNI$$;v$r<(:6$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B0lJ}!"Am?eNL$N3J;RJ?6Q$KAjEv$9$kCM$,>.$5$$>l9g(B ($B!A(B 5 g kg-1)
$B$OI8=`JP:9$,>.$5$/ODEY$,Bg$-$J@5$NCM$r<($7$F$$$k!#I8=`JP:9$,>.$5$JCM$r<((B
$B$9$N$O!"Am?eNL$N2<8B$K1F6A$5$l$k$?$a$K!"J,I[$NI}$,69$/$J$k$?$a$G$"$k$H9M(B
$B$($i$l$k!#ODEY$,Bg$-$JCM$r<($9$N$O!"6E7kJ*(B($BI9N3;R(B)$B$NMn2u$r<($7$F$$$k$?$a$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#$^$?!"Am?eNL$N3J;RJ?6Q$KAjEv$9$k(B
$BCM$,Bg$-$$>l9g(B (15 g kg-1 $B!A(B) $B$OI8=`JP:9$,>.$5$/ODEY$,Ii$NCM(B
$B$r<($7$F$$$k!#I8=`JP:9$,>.$5$JCM$r<($9$N$O!"?e>x5$:.9gHf$N>e8B(B ($BAjBP<>EY(B
100%) $B$K1F6A$5$l$k$?$a$K!"J,I[$NI}$,69$/$J$k$?$a$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#ODEY(B
$B$,Ii$NCM$r<($9$N$O!"3J;RJ?6Q$NAjBP<>EY$NCM$,Bg$-$/$J$k>l9g$K82Cx$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B$3$N$?$a!"6E7kJ*(B ($B1@N3!"1+E)(B) $B$,>e>:N.$K$h$k1tD>0\N.$dMn2<$K$h$j3J;RFb$+(B
$B$iH4$1$?7k2L!"Am?eNL$N>.$5$JB&$K?~9-$,$j$N7A>u$r<($7$?$?$a$G$"$k$H9M$($i(B
$B$l$k!#(B
$B$3$l$i$NFCD'$O0^EYKh!"9bEYKh$K$OBg$-$JJQ2=$,L5$+$C$?$,!"3$MN>e$HN&>e$N3J(B
$B;RE@$K$*$$$F$O7A>u$,0[$J$k;v$,<($5$l$?!#$^$?!"5(@aJL$G$OE_5($K$N$_I8=`JP(B
$B:9$NCM$,>.$5$$;v$b<($5$l$?!#:#2s<($5$l$?(BPDF$B$O0l$D$NNc$G$"$k$,!":#8e$3$l(B
$B$i$N(BPDF$B$K$D$$$F$h$j>\$7$$2r@O$r?J$a$k$3$H$G!"(BGCM$B$K$*$1$kBg5,LO6E7k2aDx$N(B
$B2~NI$K;q$9$k>pJs$rDs6!$G$-$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B
$B?^(B12: $BAm?eNL(B0.1 g kg-1$BKh$N(B GCM $B3J;RJ?6Q$KAjEv$9$kCM$KBP$9$k!"(B
$BAm?eNL$NI8=`JP:9(B ($B
$B%P%s%0%i%G%7%e<~JU$K$*$1$k%b%s%9!<%s4|$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFC@-!J(B2000$B!](B2005$BG/!K(B
$BK\8&5f$G$O%b%s%9!<%s$K1F6A$5$l$k%P%s%0%i%G%7%e(B (88.05$B!](B92.74E$B!"(B20.67$B!](B
26.63N) $B$rBP>]$H$7$F!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFC@-$N8&5f$r9T$C$?!#%P%s%0%i%G%7%e$N(B
$B$h$&$KG@6H0MB8EY$N9b$$9q$K$*$1$kKI:R$d?e4IM}$N$?$a$K$O!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$NJ,(B
$BI[EyFC@-$K4X$9$k>\:Y$JCN<1$,I,MW$G$"$k!#(B
$B%P%s%0%i%G%7%e5$>]6I$N(B2000$BG/$+$i(B2005$BG/$^$G$N(B6$BG/4V$N(BS-$B%P%s%I5$>]%l!<%@%G(B
$B!<%?$rMQ$$$F9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFC@-$r2r@O$7$?!#5$>]%l!<%@%G!<%?$h$jF@$i$l$?(B3
$B;~4V0J>e$Ne$N?eJ?%9%1!<%k$r;}$D9_?e%7%9%F%`$rBP>]$H$7$F2r(B
$B@O$r9T$C$?!#9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFCD'$H$7$F!"7A>u!"Bg$-$5!"0\F0B.EY!"u$O(B Arc type$B!J8L>u!K!"(BLine type$B!J@~>u!K!"(BScattered
type$B!J;6:_7?!K$KJ,N`$9$k!#9_?e%7%9%F%`$ND9<4$ND9$5$K$h$C$F!"$=$NBg$-$5$r(B
small (SS: 100$B!A(B200 km)$B!"(Bmedium (MS: 200$B!A(B300 km)$B!"(Blarge (LS: 300 km$B0J(B
$B>e(B) $B$KJ,N`$9$k!#(B $B$^$?!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$N0\F0B.EY$O(B stationary (2 m s-1
$B0J2<(B)$B!"(Bslow moving (2$B!A(B7 m s-1)$B!"(Bfast moving (7 m s
-1$B0J>e(B) $B$HJ,N`$9$k!#9_?e%7%9%F%`$N$*$*$h$=$N
$B2r@O$N7k2L!"(B4$B7n$+$i(B9$B7n$N!"(BArc type$B!"(BLine type $B$*$h$S(B Scattered type $B$N9_(B
$B?e%7%9%F%`$N=P8=?t!J=P8=IQEY!K$O!"$=$l$>$l(B230(29%)$B!"(B117(15%)$B!"(B442(56%)$B$G(B
$B$"$C$?!#(BArc type$B!"(BLine type$B!"(BScattered type$B$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$ND9<4$ND9$5$NJ?(B
$B6Q$O!"$=$l$>$l(B185 km$B!"(B184 km$B!"(B268 km$B$G$"$C$?!#$=$l$>$l$N0\F0B.EY$NJ?6Q$O(B
$BLs(B11.0 m s-1$B!"(B7.1 m s-1$B!"(B5.8 m s-1$B$G$"(B
$B$j!"$=$l$>$l$N.$5$/0\F0B.EY$,Bg$-$$9_?e%7%9%F%`(B
$B$,B?$/4QB,$5$l$?!#%W%l%b%s%9!<%s4|$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$OFnEl?J$9$k$b$N$,B?$+$C(B
$B$?0lJ}$G!"%b%s%9!<%s4|$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$OKL@>$+$iKLEl$^$?$OFnEl$X0\F0$9$k$b(B
$B$N$,B?$+$C$?!J?^(B13$B!K!#(B
$B$^$?!"$3$N2r@O$+$i%P%s%0%i%G%7%e$NFnElIt$+$iElIt$HKLIt$K9_?e%7%9%F%`$N=P(B
$B8=IQEY$,9b$$$3$H$,<($5$l$?!J?^(B14$B!K!#2r@O$5$l$?(B Scattered type $B$N(B442$B8D$N(B
$B9_?e%7%9%F%`$N$&$A(B244$B8D$N9_?e%(%3!<$,%l!<%@4QB,HO0OFbA4LL$KJ,I[$7$F$$$?!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N0\F0B.EY$OB,Dj$G$-$J$$$[$I>.$5$/!"$=$N(B
$B$E$1$?!#(BSWAC$B$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N(B97%$B$O%b%s%9!<%s4|$KH/@8$7!"%b%s%9!<%s4|$N9_?e(B
$BNL$KBg$-$J4sM?$,$"$k$3$H$,<($5$l$?!#(B
$B?^(B13: $BJ,N`$5$l$?3F%?%$%W$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N0\F0J}8~$H0\F0B.EY$N4X78$r<($9!#(B
$B0\F0B.EY$,B,Dj$G$-$J$$$b$N$H(BSWAC$B$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$O?^$K<($7$F$$$J$$!#9u$GEI(B
$B$j$D$V$7$?5-9f$O%W%l%b%s%9!<%s4|$N!"GrH4$-$N5-9f$O%b%s%9!<%s4|$N9_?e%7%9(B
$B%F%`$r<($9!#(B
$B?^(B14: $B%P%s%0%i%G%7%e$K$*$1$k%b%s%9!<%s4|$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N=P8=>l=j$NJ,I[$r(B
$B<($9!#GK@~$O(B Islam and Uyeda (2007) $B$K$h$k<>=a0h$r<($9!#(BSWAC$B$N9_?e%7%9%F(B
$B%`$O<($7$F$$$J$$!#(B
[$B$b$I$k(B]