$B8&5f>R2p(B(2011$BG/EY(B)

$BG.BSDc5$05$N:GBg6/EY$KBP$9$kFbIt%3%"$NHs<4BP>[email protected],$N4sM?(B

$BG.BSDc5$05$,3MF@$7$&$k:GBg6/EY$O!"(B2$BN9=B$$r2>Dj$7$?M}O@%b%G%k$r(B $BMQ$$$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"B8:_$9$k3$0h$N3$LL?e29$dBPN.7w3&LL$N29EY$J$I$N4D6->l$N(B $BJ*M}NL$+$i?dDj$9$k$3$H$,2DG=$G$"$k!#6aG/$G$O!"(B2$BN?tCM%b%G%k$rMQ$$$?(B $B?tCMN%b%G%k$G$O!"(B $BG.BSDc5$05$NHs<4BP>N@-$r9MN8$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#0lJ}!"(B3$BN@-$,G.BSDc5$05$N6/EY$d9=B$$NJQ2=$K4sM?$9$k$3$H$,(B $B<($5$F$$$k!#K\8&5f$G$O!"(B3$BN@-$,G.BSDc5$05$N(B $B:GBg6/EY$K5Z$\$91F6A$r!"3Q1?F0NL<};Y2r@O$+$iDjNLE*$K8+@Q$b$C$?7k2L$rJs9p$9$k!#(B

$B?^(B1$B$K3Q1?F0NL<};Y2r@O$h$jF@$i$l$?G.BSDc5$05$NFbIt%3%"NN0h$K$*$1$k<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k(B $B@\@~IwB.$N2CB.EY!"COI=LLK`;$!&MpN.$K$h$k2CB.EY!"Hs<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.EY$N1tD>CGLL(B $B$r<($9!#9bEY(B1 km$B0J2<$G!"<4BP>[email protected],$O:GBgIwB.H>7BIU6a$G@\@~IwB.$r2CB.$9$k0lJ}$G!"(B $BHs<4BP>[email protected],$O@\@~IwB.$r8:B.$5$;$F$$$k$3$H$,8+$F[email protected],$K$h$k(B $B8:B.$O!"<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.$KBP$7$F$*$h$=(B10$B!sDxEY$NBg$-$5$G$"$k$3$H$b8+$F[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.EY$N(B $B:GBgCM!"Hs<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.EY$N:GBgCM!"<4BP>[email protected],$N2CB.EY$KBP$9$kHs<4BP>[email protected],$N(B $B2CB.EY$N3d9g$r<($9!#$I$N%1!<%9$G$b!"Hs<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k8:B.$O!"<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.$K(B $BBP$7$F$*$h$=(B10%$BDxEY$N4sM?$r<($7$F$$$k!#$^$?!":GBgIwB.$,Bg$-$/$J$k$H$H$b$KHs<4BP>[email protected],(B $B$K$h$k8:B.$N4sM?$,Bg$-$/$J$k$3$H$b8+$F[email protected],$K$h$k8:B.$N4sM?$rL5;k$9$k$3$H$OE,@Z$G$O$J$$$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B

$B$^$?!"FbIt%3%"NN0h$K$*$1$kHs<4BP>N@-$,0];}$5$l$k%a%+%K%:%`$r%(%M%k%.!<<};Y2r@O$+$i(B $B<($7$?!#Hs<4BP>[email protected],$N1?F0%(%M%k%.!<$O!"Hs<4BP>[email protected],$N%]%F%s%7%c%k%(%M%k%.!<$+$i$N(B $BJQ49$H!"=g052aDx$*$h$S79052aDx$K$h$k<4BP>NIw$+$i$NJQ49$K$h$j@8$8$F$$$k$3$H$r<($7$?!#(B $B79052aDx$K$h$k<4BP>NIw$+$i$NHs<4BP>[email protected],$N8:B.$X$N4sM?$O!"Hs@ENO3X%b%G%k$rMQ$$$?(B $BK\8&5f$K$*$$$F=i$a$F<($5$l$?CN8+$G$"$k!#(B

$B$5$i$K!"FbIt%3%"NN0h$K$*$$$F!"@\@~J}8~$K9bB.$JEAHBB.EY$r$b$DHs<4BP>N$JGH$,8!=P$5$l$?!#(B $B$3$NGH$NEAHBFC@-$r!"@u?e%b%G%k$N12%m%9%S![email protected],$O<4BP>NIw$NCf$rEAHB$9$k(B $B12%m%9%S![email protected],$O!"12%m%9%S!

fig01

$B?^(B 1: CReSS$B$rMQ$$$?%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$K!"3Q1?F0NL<};Y2r@O$r9T$&$3$H$GF@$i$l$?G.BSDc5$05$N(B $BFbIt%3%"NN0h$K$*$1$k<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k@\@~IwB.$N2CB.EY!J>e!K!"COI=LLK`;$!&MpN.$K$h$k(B $B2CB.EY!JCf!K!"Hs<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.EY!J2CGLL?^!#G;C8$,Ii$N2CB.EY!J8:B.!K$X$N(B $B4sM?$r<($9!#2#<4$OBfIwCf?4$+$i$N5wN%$r!"=D<4$O9bEY$r<($7!"2CB.EY$O9bEYKh$KH>7BJ}8~$K(B $BJ?6Q$7$?CM$G$"$k!#B@%W%m%U%!%$%k$r<($9!#(B

$BI=(B 1: $B1?F0NL8r4978?t!"G.8r4978?t$rJQ$($k$3$H$G!"0[$J$k(B4$B$D$N:GBg6/EY$r<($7$?[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.EY$N:GBgCM!"Hs<4BP>[email protected],$K$h$k2CB.EY$N:GBgCM!"(B $B<4BP>[email protected],$N2CB.EY$KBP$9$kHs<4BP>[email protected],$N2CB.EY$N3d9g!#Ii$N2CB.EY$NCM$O8:B.$X$N(B $B4sM?$r<($9!#(BCE1.5$B$O(BCTL$B.$5$/$J$k!K(B $B$G$"$k$3$H$r<($9!#(B

tab01

X$B%P%s%IJPGH%l!<%@$*$h$S1@N3;R%>%s%G$rMQ$$$?G_1+4|$N2-Fl0h$K$*$1$kAX>u@-9_?e0h$NI9N3;R4QB,(B

$BG_1+4|$N2-Fl0h$KBeI=$5$l$k$h$&$J9b<>=a4D6->l$G$O!"%l!<%@H?u@-9_?e$,IQHK$K4QB,$5$l$k!#$3$N$h$&$J6/$$AX>u@-9_?e$r$b$?$i$91@J*M}2aDx$rM}2r$9$k(B $B$?$a$K!"(B2011$BG/G_1+4|$K2-Fl8)$N0@9qEg$G!"L>8E20Bg3XCO5e?e=[4D8&5f%;%s%?!<$N(BX$B%P%s%I(B $BJPGH%l!<%@!J(BMP$B%l!<%@!K!"1@N3;R%>%s%G!J(BHYVIS$B!K!"%G%#%9%I%m%a!<%?$rMQ$$$?4QB,$ru@-9_?e0h$NM;2rAX>e6u$NI9N3;R$N7A>u$dN37B$J$I$NFC@-$H!"(B $BJPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$dCO>e$K$*$1$k1+E)N37BJ,I[!J(BDropsize distribution: DSD$B!K$NFCD'$H$N(B $B4XO"$r<($9$3$H$rK\8&5f$NL\E*$H$9$k!#(B

HYVIS$B$O%P%k!<%s$K$h$j1@Fb$r>e>:$7$J$,$i!"FbIt$N@\e$KIUCe$7$?N37B(B7 μm$B!A(B2 cm$B$N1@N3;R$r;#1F$9$k4QB,5!4o$G$"$k!#(BHYVIS$BJ|5eCf$O!"(B MP$B%l!<%@$K$h$k(B6$BJ,Kh$N%\%j%e!<%`%9%-%c%s4QB,$K2C$(!"HtMH$9$k(BHYVIS$BJ}8~$N1tD>CGLL(B $B!J(BRange Height Indicator: RHI$B!K4QB,$b9T$C$?!#CO>e$G$O%G%#%9%I%m%a!<%?$rMQ$$$?(B DSD$B4QB,$b

$B$3$N$&$A!"(B6$B7n(B1$BF|(B15$B;~(B40$BJ,$KJ|5e$7$?(BHYVIS$B$O!"G_1+A0@~$KH<$&AX>u@-9_?e0h$NM;2rAX(B $B!J(B0°C $B9bEY(B: 4.5 km$B!K$h$j>eAX$NI9N3;R$r4QB,$7$?!#$3$NAX>u@-9_?e0h$,(BMP$B%l!<%@@_CVCOE@$r(B $BDL2a$7$?:]$K!"CO>e$G9_?e6/EY(B20 mm h-1 $B$K$*$h$V9_?e$,4QB,$5$l$?!#(B $B%G%#%9%I%m%a!<%?$G4QB,$5$l$?(B DSD $B4X?t$N@ZJR(B Nw $B$OBg$-$JCM(B $B!J(B104 mm-1m-3$B!K$r<($7$F$*$j!"?tB?$/$N>.!ACfDxEY$NN37B$N1+E)$,!"(B $BBg$-$JCO>e9_?eNL$K4sM?$7$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#?^(B2$B$K!"$3$NAX>u@-9_?e0h$rBP>]$H$7$?(BRHI $B4QB,(B $B$K$h$kJPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$NCM$NIQEY$N1tD>%W%m%U%!%$%k$r<($9!#9bEY(B4.5$B!A(B5 km $B$KM;2rAX$,(B $BB8:_$7!"M;2rAX$h$j2h$B!K$O(B40 dBZ$B0J>e$NCM$r<($7$?!#(B $B%l!<%@H?DR$B!K$NJ?6QCM$O$*$h$=(B1.5 dB$B!"JPGH4VAj4X78?t(B $B!J(Bρhv$B!K$O(B0.99$B0J>e$G$"$C$?!#JPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$N9bEYJ}8~$NJQ2=$,(B $B>.$5$+$C$?$3$H$+$i!"1+E)$N>xH/$d>WFMJ;9g$K$h$k1+E)N37B$NJQ2=$O>.$5$+$C$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B

$B0lJ}!"M;2rAX$h$j>eAX!J9bEY(B5$B!A(B6 km$B!K$G$O!"(BZDR$B$O(B0.25 dB$B!"JPGH4V0LAj:9JQ2=N((B $B!J(BKDP$B!K$O(B0.3 - 0.5 ° km-1$B$H@5$NCM$r<($7$F$$$k!#$[$\F1;~9o$N(B $B9bEY(B5.2$B!A(B6 km$B$NHO0O$K$*$1$k(BHYVIS $B$N82Hy6@%+%a%i$K$h$k4QB,$G$O!"D97B$,(B200$B!A(B500 μm$B$N(B $B3QCl7k>=!J?^(B3a$B!K!"3QHD7k>=!J?^(B3b$B!K!"8]7?7k>=!J?^(B3c$B!K$,3NG'$5$l$?!#0lJ}!"(B $Bu7k>=$d1@N3IU$-$N7k>=$O4QB,$5$l$J$+$C$?!#$3$NHO0O$N2DR$B$d(BKDP$B$N@5$NCM$O!"(B $B3QCl7k>=$d3QHD7k>=$,Bn1[$9$kNN0h$G$"$k$3$H$r<($7$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#M;2rAX$h$j$b>eAX$G!"(B 200 μm $B0J>e$N3QCl7k>=!"3QHD7k>=!"8]7?7k>=$,6E=8$7$FB??t$N@cJR$r7A@.$7!"M;2rAX$h$j$b(B $B2.$5$J1+E)$,7A@.$5$l$k$3$H$G!"9_?e6/EY$NBg$-$JAX>u@-9_?e$,$b$?$i$5$l$?$H(B $B9M$($i$l$k!#(B

fig02

$B?^(B 2: 2011$BG/(B6$B7n(B1$BF|(B16$B;~(B11$BJ,$N(BRHI$B4QB,$K$h$kJPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$NIQEY!JG;C8!K$HJ?6QCM!JGK@~!K$N(B $B1tD>%W%m%U%!%$%k!#$3$N;~9o$K(BHYVIS$B$O%l!<%@$+$i(B12.8 km$BCOE@$N>e6u$K0LCV$7$F$$$?$?$a!"(B $B%l!<%@$+$i$N5wN%$,(B2.8 km$B$+$i(B22.8 km$B$^$G$NHO0O$NJPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$NCM$GIQEYJ,I[!"J?6QCM$r(B $B7W;;$7$F$$$k!#9bEY$N9o$_$O(B0.5 km$B$G$"$k!#(B (a) $B%l!<%@H?h$B!K!"(B (b) $B%l!<%@H?DR$B!K!"(B (c) $BJPGH4V0LAj:9JQ2=N(!J(BKDP$B!K!"(B $B$*$h$S(B (d) $BJPGH4VAj4X78?t!J(Bρhv$B!K$r<($9!#(B $BIQEYJ,I[$N%S%s%5%$%:$O$=$l$>$l!"(B2.5 dBZ$B!"(B0.25 dB$B!"(B0.25 °km-1$B!"(B0.015$B$G$"$k!#(B

fig03

$B?^(B 3: 2011$BG/(B6$B7n(B1$BF|(B15$B;~(B40$BJ,$KJ|5e$5$l$?(BHYVIS$B$N82Hy6@2hA|$G4QB,$5$l$?I9N3;R$NNc!#(B (a) $B3QCl7k>=!"(B(b) $B3QHD7k>=!"(B(c) $B8]7?7k>=!"(B(d) $B@cJR$r<($9!#Lp0u$ON3;R$ND97B$r<($9!#(B

2010$BG/#77n(B15$BF|$K4tIl8)FnIt$G9k1+$r$b$?$i$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFCD'(B

2010$BG/(B7$B7n(B15$BF|$K4tIl8)FnIt$K$*$$$F@~>u$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$K$h$j9k1+$,$b$?$i$5$l$?!#(B $BK\8&5f$G$O!"9qEZ8rDL>J$N(BX$B%P%s%IJPGH%l!<%@!J(BMP$B%l!<%@!K$K$h$k4QB,%G!<%?$rMQ$$$F!"(B $B9_?eNLJ,I[$N;~4VJQ2=$r2r@O$7!"B?NL$N9_?eNL$,$b$?$i$5$l$?2aDx$H9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFCD'(B $B$rD4$Y$?!#JPGH4V0LAj:9JQ2=N(!J(BKDP$B!K$rMQ$$$F!"(B5$BJ,4V3V$G(B1 km$B!_(B1 km$B!_(B0.25 km $B$N$N(B $B6u4V2rA|EY$G(B3$Bu9_?eBS$r9=@.$9$k%;%k$H%;%k72$NFC@-$rD4$Y$?!#9_?e%;%k$O!"(B 4 mm/5 min$B0J>e$N9_?e6/EY$r$b$DNN0h$N$&$A6KBgCM$r(B1$B$D$b$DNN0h$H$7$FDj5A$7!"(B $B%;%k72$O9_?e%;%k$r(B1$B$D$J$$$7J#?t4^$`NN0h$H$7$FDj5A$7$?!#(B

$B9k1+$r$b$?$i$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$O!"0lO"$N%;%k72$,F1$8>l=j$rDL2a$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F(B $BDdBZ$7$F$$$k$h$&$K8+$($k9_?e%7%9%F%`$H!"%;%k72$H$H$b$KB.$/0\F0$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$N(B 2$B$D$+$i$J$k$3$H$r3NG'$7$?!#DdBZ$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$O(B6$B$D$N%;%k72$K$h$j9=@.$5$l!"(B $B$=$N$&$A$N(B5$B$D!J(B4$B$D!K$N%;%k72$,CO>e$K$b$?$i$7$?9_?eNL$O(B50 mm$B!J(B80 mm$B!K$rD6$($F$$$?!JI=(B2$B!K!#(B $B0lJ}!"B.$/0\F0$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$O(B3$B$D$N%;%k72$K$h$j9=@.$5$l!"$=$l$>$l(B50 mm$BDxEY$N9_?e$r(B $B$b$?$i$7$F$$$?!#K\;vNc$G4QB,$5$l$?F|9_?eNL(B200$B!A(B300 mm$B$H$$$&9k1+$O!"$3$l$i$N(B2$B$D$N(B $B9_?e%7%9%F%`$KFbJq$5$l$k%;%k72$,7+$jJV$7DL2a$7$?$3$H$K$h$C$F$b$?$i$5$l$?$H9M$($i$l$k(B $B!J?^(B4$B!K!#$^$?!"9k1+$r$b$?$i$7$?(B8$B$D$N9_?e%;%k72$N$&$A$N(B7$B$D$,Fn@>!]KLElJ}8~$K:YD9$/(B $B?-$S$k7A>u$G$"$C$?!#DdBZ$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$G$O!"B.$/0\F0$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$KHf$Y$F!"(B $B%;%k72$K4^$^$l$k9_?e%;%k$N?t$,B?$/!"9_?e%;%k$N>$K$*$1$k9bAX5$>]4QB,$N7k2L$+$iF@$i$l$?2x5$NL$H!"%G%e%"%k%I%C%W%i!<(B $B2r@O$h$jF@$i$l$?5$N.>l$rMQ$$$F%;%k72$KN.F~$9$k?e>x5$NL$r7W;;$7!"(BMP$B%l!<%@$h$j(B $B?dDj$5$l$?9_?eNL$KBP$9$kHf$H$7$F9_?e8zN($r7W;;$7$?!#I=(B2$B$K<($5$l$k$h$&$K!"%;%k72$N(B $B9_?e8zN($O(B19$B!s!A(B41$B!s$H9b$$CM$G$"$C$?!#(B

$BDdBZ$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$HB.$/0\F0$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$NN>/$J$+$C$?!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!"DdBZ$7$?(B $B9_?e%7%9%F%`$G$O9_?e%;%k$,%;%k72$r9=@.$7!"J#?t$N9_?e%;%k$,F1$8NN0h$r7+$jJV$7$F(B $BDL2a$9$k$3$H$K$h$j!"%;%k72$K$h$C$F$b$?$i$5$l$k9_?eNL$,Bg$-$JCM$H$J$C$?!#B.$/0\F0$7$?(B $B9_?e%7%9%F%`$G$O!"0l$D$N9_?e%;%k$+$i$b$?$i$5$l$k9_?eNL$H%;%k72$+$i$b$?$i$5$l$k9_?eNL$,(B $BF1DxEY$G$"$C$?!#(B

$BI=(B 2: $B9qEZ8rDL>J$N(BMP$B%l!<%@$K$h$j4QB,$5$l$?9_?e%7%9%F%`Fb$N9_?e%;%k72$NFCD'!#DdBZ$7$?(B $B9_?e%7%9%F%`Fb$N%;%k72$r!V(BS$B!W!"B.$/0\F0$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`Fb$N%;%k72$r!V(BF$B!W$G<($9!#(B $B4sM?N($O(B15$B;~$+$i(B24$B;~$N4V$K:GBg@Q;;1+NL!J(B322 mm$B!K$r4QB,$7$?COE@$K$*$1$k!"3F%;%k72$N(B $B4sM?$N3d9g$r<($9!#(B

tab02

fig04

$B?^(B 4: $B3F%;%k72$K$h$j$b$?$i$5$l$?@Q;;9_?eNLJ,I[!#!J:8>e(B) $B%;%k72(BS1$B!JGK@~!K$H(BS2$B!JE@@~!K$K$h$j(B $B$b$?$i$5$l$?9_?eNL(B50 mm$B$NEyCM@~$r<($9!#!J1&>e!K%;%k72(BS4$B!JGK@~!K!"(BS5$B!JE@@~!K!"(BS6$B!J;T$K@_CV$5$l$F$$$k9qEZ8rDL>J$N(BMP$B%l!<%@$N0LCV$r<($9!#(B

$B9_?e%;%k(B3$B

$B7c$7$$9_?e$r$b$?$i$9BPN.@[email protected]$G$"$k9_?e%;%k$N8!=P!"DI@W$r9T$&$3$H$O!"(B $B9_?eNL$NDjNLI>2A$dC;;~4VM=B,$r9T$*$&$H$9$k>l9g$K=EMW$G$"$k!#K\8&5f$G$O!"@h9T8&5f$G(B $B3+H/$5$l$?9_?e%;%k(B3$Be$GH/@8$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$K(B $BE,MQ$7$F9_?e%;%k$NH/C#CJ3,$NH=JL$r9T$C$?7k2L$r<($9!#(B

$B@h9T8&5f$K$h$jDs>'$5$l$?9_?e%;%k8!=P%"%k%4%j%:%`$O0J2<$NDL$j$G$"$k!#(B (1) $BH?l$K(B2$B3,HyJ,$rE,MQ$7$F9_?e%;%k$NCf?4It$r5a$a!"(B3$BB.EY>l$KF1MM$Ne>:N.%;%k$H(B $B2<9_N.%;%k(B($B0J2N.%;%k(B) $B$r(B3 $BN.%;%k$N8!=P7k2L$h$j!"N>e>:N.%;%k$N$_$H7k9g$7$F$$$k9_?e%;%k$r!VH/C#4|!W!">e>:N.%;%k!&2<9_N.%;%k$NN>

$B7k9g>r7o$NogCM$r:F8!F$$9$k$?$a$K!"L>8E20Bg3X$H9qEZ8rDL>JCfItCOJ}@0Hw6I0B>k=PD%=j$K(B $B@_CV$5$l$?(B2$BBf$N(BX$B%P%s%IJPGH%l!<%@$K$h$C$F8r:BI87O$GH?l$H(B $B1tD>B.EY>l$N%G!<%?$r?eJ?!&1tD>2rA|EY(B0.5 km $B$G:n@.$9$k!#N&>e$N%G!<%?$KE,MQ$9$k$?$a$K$O!"(B $B%l!<%@%G!<%?$K4^$^$l$k%0%i%s%I%/%i%C%?$r=|5n$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!#$3$N$?$a!"(B $BCO>e9bEY(B1.5 km$B0J>e$N%G!<%?$N$_$r2r@O$K;HMQ$9$k!#(B

2009$BG/(B8$B7n(B9$BF|(B23$B;~(B30$BJ,(B($BF|K\;~(B)$B$K4QB,$5$l$?(B25$B$N9_?e%;%k!"(B103$B$N1tD>N.%;%k$K$h$k(B158 $BAH$N(B $B=EJ#$KBP$7$F!"L\;k$K$h$C$F=EJ#ItJ,$NBN@Q!"7A>u!"AX?t$r8!F$$7!"7k9g$NH=Dj$r9T$C$?!#(B $B$=$N7k2L!"=EJ#$,(B2$BAX0J>e$G$"$k>l9g$K8B$j!"=EJ#BN@Q(BA$B!J(BB$B!K$,(B2.0 km3$B0J>e!"$b$7$/$O(B $B=EJ#BN@Q(BA$B!J(BB$B!K$N9_?e%;%k$NBN@Q$KBP$9$k3d9g$,(B7%$B0J>e$G$"$k>l9g$K!"9_?e%;%k$H1tD>N.%;%k$,(B $B7k9g$7$F$$$k$H$7$?!#$^$?!"9_?e%;%k$NH/C#CJ3,$H$7$F!">e>:N.!J2<9_N.!K%;%k$N$_$HO"7k$7$F(B $B$*$j!"$+$D1tD>N.$r7W;;$G$-$J$$NN0h$,9_?e%;%k$NBN@Q$N(B7%$B$rD6$($F$$$k>l9g!"?jB`4|(B $B!JH/C#4|!K$G$"$k2DG=@-$rGS=|$G$-$k$?$a!"$3$N9_?e%;%k$r!V8+$+$1>e$NH/C#4|!J?jB`4|!K!W(B $B$H$7$?!#(B

$B$3$N9_?e%;%k$NH/C#CJ3,$NH=JL

fig05

$B?^(B 5: $B9_?e%;%k!"1tD>N.%;%k$H$=$l$i$N7k9g>r7o$N35G0?^!#(BA$B!J(BB$B!K$O9_?e%;%k$H>e>:N.%;%k(B $B!J2<9_N.%;%k!K$N=EJ#ItJ,$G$"$k!#(B

fig06

$B?^(B 6: 2009$BG/(B8$B7n(B9$BF|(B23$B;~(B30$BJ,$KL>8E20$H0B>k$N%l!<%@$K$h$j$l$NH/C#CJ3,$rG;C8$G<($9!#!V(BDev.$B!W$OH/C#4|$N!"!V(BMat.$B!W$O@.=O4|$N!"!V(BDis.$B!W(B $B$O?jB`4|$N!"!V(BUnd.$B!W$OH/C#CJ3,$N<1JL$r9T$($J$+$C$?9_?e%;%k$r<($9!#9_?e%;%kCf$K(B $B"$0u$,$"$k$b$N$O!V8+$+$1>e$NH/C#4|!&?jB`4|!W$N9_?e%;%k$r<($9!#(B $B!z0u$O0B>k%l!<%@$N0LCV$r<($9!#(B

$BL>8E20<~JU$NCH8u4|$K(BX$B%P%s%IJPGH%l!<%@$G?dDj$7$?9_?eN3;R$N1tD>J,I[(B

$B9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFbIt9=B$$rM}2r$9$k$?$a$K$O!"9_?e%7%9%F%`FbIt$N5$N.>l$J$I$N1@NO3XE*$J(B $BFCD'$@$1$G$J$/!"9_?eN3;R$NJ,I[$J$I$N1@HyJ*M}3XE*$JFCD'$K$D$$$F$bD4$Y$F$$$/I,MW$,$"$k!#(B $B6aG/!"(BX$B%P%s%IJPGH%l!<%@!J(BMP$B%l!<%@!K$,F|K\A49q$KE83+$5$l$F$*$j!"=>MhF@$i$l$F$$$?(B $B%l!<%@H?h$B$@$1$G$J$/!"JPGH%Q%i%a!<%?!J%l!<%@H?DR$B!"(B $BJPGH4VAj4X78?t!'(Bρhv$B!"JPGH4V0LAj:9JQ2=N(!'(BKDP$B!K$rMQ$$$F!"(B $B9_?eN3;R$NAj!J8GAj!&1UAj!K!"Bg$-$5!"7A>u$J$I$N1@HyJ*M}3XE*$JFCD'$r2r@O$9$k$3$H$,(B $B2DG=$H$J$C$?!#K\8&5f$G$O!"L>8E20Bg3X(BMP$B%l!<%@$rMQ$$$FCH8u4|$K4QB,$5$l$?9_?e;vNc$r(B $B6/1+0h$H$l$NNN0h$K$*$1$kJPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$N1tD>J,I[$NFCD'$+$i(B $B9_?eN3;R$N1tD>J,I[$r?dDj$7$?7k2L$r<($9!#(B

$B2r@O$K$O!"(B2010$BG/(B4$B7n(B4$BF|$+$i(B12$B7n(B31$BF|$N3FF|(B01$B;~$H(B13$B;~!JF|K\;~!K$K!"L>8E20Bg3X$K(B $B@_CV$5$l$F$$$?(BMP$B%l!<%@$K$h$jJ,2rG=$H$b(B0.5 km$B$N(B 3$B8r:BI87O$KJQ49$7$?$b$N$r2r@O$K;HMQ$7$?!#(BZDR $B$,9_?eN3;R$N(B $B7A>u!J=D2#Hf!K$rH?1G$9$k$h$&$K!"%l!<%@$+$i(B40 km $B0J1s$NJPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$N1tD>%W%m%U%!%$%k$r(B $B2r@O$KMQ$$$?!#$=$l$>$l$N;~9o$K9_?e%(%3!<$,9-HO0O$K$o$?$C$F!"$b$7$/$OCx$7$$(B $B9_?e%(%3!<$,4QB,$5$l$?A4(B40 $B;vNc$K$D$$$F2r@O$r9T$C$?!#$3$N(B40$B;vNc$GF@$i$l$?9_?e0h$r!"(B $B1tD>%+%i%`Kh$K!Vh$B$NCM$,(B30 dBZe$B$h$j$b(B $B>.$5$$%+%i%`$H$7$?!#!V6/1+0h-5!W$O!"(B00°C $B9bEY$h$j$b(B1.5 km$B2h$B$N(B $BCM$,(B30 dBZe$B0J>e!"$+$D(B0°C $B9bEY$h$j$b(B1.0 km$B>eAX$K$*$1$k(BZDR$B$N(B $BCM$,(B-0.3 dB$B$h$j$bBg$-$JCM$r$b$D%+%i%`$H$7$?!#!V6/1+0h(BII$B!W$O!"(B0°C $B9bEY$h$j$b(B 1.5 km$B2e $B0J>e!"$+$D(B0°C $B9bEY$h$j$b(B1.0 km $B>eAX$K$*$1$k(BZDR$B$NCM$,(B-0.3 dB $B0J>e$N%+%i%`$H$7$?!#(B

$B?^(B7$B$K$=$l$>$l$N9_?e0h$N(BZh$B$H(BZDR$B$N1tD>%W%m%U%!%$%k$NCf1{CM$r<($9!#(B $B!VeAX$G$O!"(BZh$B$NCM$,(B25 dBZe $B0J2DR$B$,@5$NCM!J(B0$B!A(B0.5 dB$B!K$G$"$k$3$H$+$i!"3QHD7k>=$d3QCl7k>=$J$I$N2#D9$N(B $B7A>u$r$7$?>.$5$JI9>=$,>e$G$O!"(BZh$B$H(B ZDR$B$,2u@-9_?e0h$NFCD'$G$"$k%V%i%$%H%P%s%I$K(B $B6&DL$9$k9=B$$,8+$i$l$k!#$=$7$F!"M;2rAX$h$j2h$B$NCM$O(B 25 dBZe$BDxEY!"(BZDR$B$NCM$O(B0.5 dB$BDxEY$G$[$\0lDj$G$"$k$3$H$+$i!"(B $B.N37B$N1+E)$,B8:_$7$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#!V6/1+0h(BI$B!W$NM;2rAX$h$j>eAX$G$O!"(B Zh$B$H(BZDR$B$O!V/$K$H$b$J$C$F(BZh$B$,Bg$-$/A}2C$7$F$$$k!#F19bEY$G(BZDR$B$,(B 0 dB$BA08e$NCM$r$H$C$F$$$k$3$H$+$i!"I9>=$N6E=8$K$h$k@cJR$N7A@.$,<(:6$5$l$k!#$=$7$F!"(B $BM;2rAX$h$j2h$B$NCM$O(B30 dBZe $B0J>e!"(BZDR$B$N(B $BCM$O$*$h$=(B1.0 dB$B$H$J$C$F$$$k$3$H$+$i!"BgN37B$N1+E)$NB8:_$,<(:6$5$l$k!#!V6/1+0h(BII$B!W$N(B $BM;2rAX$h$j>eAX$G$O!"9bEY$N8:>/$K$H$b$J$C$F(BZh$B$,A}2C$7!"(BZDR$B$N(B $BCM$,$*$h$=(B-0.4 dB$B$HIi$NCM$r<($9$3$H$+$i!"pG$NB8:_$,<(:6$5$l$k!#M;2rAX$h$j2u@-$Nu@-$N6/$$9_?e0h$K!"(B $B!V6/1+0h(BII$B!W$OBPN.@-$N6/$$9_?e0h$KBP1~$9$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B

fig07

$B?^(B 7: $B!Vh $B!"(B(b) ZDR $B$NA4;vNc$NCf1{CM$N1tD>%W%m%U%!%$%k!#(B $B=D<4$OM;2rAX!J(B0°C $B9bEY!K$r4p=`$H$7$F$$$k!#M;2rAX$h$j$b>eAX$K$O(BZDR$B$N(B $BCM$+$i3QHD7k>=$d3QCl7k>=(B (b) $B$J$I$N2#D9$N7A>u$r$7$?>.$5$JI9>=$,B8:_$9$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B $BM;2rAX$ND>>e$K$O!"!V6/1+0h(BI$B!W$G$O@cJR(B(a)$B$,!"!V6/1+0h(BII$B!W$G$OpG(B(b)$B$,B8:_$9$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B $BM;2rAX$h$j$b2.N37B$N1+E)(B (b:$B2

$B87E_4|KL3$F;ElItFbN&$G4QB,$5$l$?9_@cBS$N9=B$(B

$BKL3$F;ElIt$K$*$1$k8E20Bg3X(B $BCO5e?e=[4D8&5f%;%s%?!<$N(BX$B%P%s%IJPGH%l!<%@!J(BMP$B%l!<%@!K!"1@N3;R%>%s%G!J(BHYVIS$B!K$r(B $BMQ$$$?4QB,$rCGLL!J(BRHI$B!K4QB,$b(B $BE,599T$C$?!#(B

$B$3$N$&$A!"(B2$B7n(B27$BF|$K$O29BSDc5$05$K$h$j$b$?$i$5$l$k9_@c$H$O0[$J$k%a%+%K%:%`$K$h$k9_@cBS$r(B $B4QB,$7$?!#$3$N9_@cBS$O!"F1F|(B17$B;~(B30$BJ,!JF|K\;~!K:"$K@P-1$B$NB.EY$GFn2<$7!"(B3$B!A(B4$B;~4V$+$1$FKL3$F;ElIt$r=DCG$7$F(B $BKL3$F;FnEl3$>e$KH4$1$?$b$N$G$"$k!#9_@cBSFbIt$N(BZh$B$NCM$O35$M(B 20$B!A(B30 dBZe$B$G$"$j!"9_@cBS$OEl@>(B30$B!A(B40 km$B!"FnKL(B10$B!A(B15 km$B$N9-$,$j$r$b$A!"(B $B%(%3!h$B$N(B $B?eJ?J,I[$r<($9!#$3$N;~9o$K$ON&JLD.!"71;RI\D.$K@_CV$5$l$?(B2$BBf$N(BMP$B%l!<%@$+$i9_@cBS$r(B $BF1;~$K4QB,$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$F$*$j!"(BZh$B$N:GBgCM$b(B32 dBZe$B$H4QB,4|4VCf$N(B $B:GBgCM$r5-O?$7$?!#?^(B8$B$N@~J,(BAB$B$K1h$C$?CGLL$K$*$1$k(BZh$B$HCGLL$K1h$C$?5$N.>l$N(B $B1tD>CGLL$r?^(B9$B$K<($9!#9_@cBSFbIt$G$O2e>:5$N.0h$,2r@O$5$l$F$$$k!#B>$N;~9o$K$*$$$F$b9bEY(B1.0$B!A(B1.5 km$BIU6a$G$O(B1 m s-1 $BDxEY$N>e>:N.$,4QB,$5$l$F$$$?!#(B

$B$3$NMM$Je>:5$N.FbIt$K$*$1$k9_@cN3;[email protected]!9=$rD4$Y$k$?$a$K!"(BRHI$B4QB,$K$h$k(B $BJPGH%Q%i%a!<%?$N1tD>J,I[$rD4$Y$?!#9bEY(B1.5 km$B$G$O(BZh$B$NCM$O(B20 dBZe $BDxEY$H>.$5$/!"(BZDR$B$NCM$O$*$h$=(B1.0 dB$B$H@5$NCM$G$"$C$?!#$3$N$3$H$+$i!"(B $B3QHD7k>=$d3QCl7k>=$J$I$N2#D9$N7A>u$r$7$?>.$5$JI9>=$,h$B$NCM$OA}2C!"(BZDR$B$NCM$O8:>/$7!"(B $B9bEY(B0.5 km$B$G$O(BZh$B$NCM$O(B28 dBZe$B$K!"(BZDR$B$NCM$O(B0 dB$B$K(B $B6a$E$$$?!#$3$N$3$H$+$i!"I9>=N3;R$N6E=8$K$h$j@cJR$,7A@.$5$l$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#CO>e$G$N(B $B9_@cN3;R$N@\=$H@cJR$,(B $B:.:_$7$F$$$?$3$H$+$i!"$3$l$i$NN3;R$N?dDj$,BEEv$G$"$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#CO>e4QB,$G$b(B $BpG$NB8:_$O3NG'$G$-$J$+$C$?$3$H$+$i!"9_@cBS>eAX$G$OI9>=$,=$H@cJR$,:.:_$9$k9=B$$G$"$C$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B

fig08

$B?^(B 8: 2011$BG/(B2$B7n(B27$BF|(B18$B;~(B30$BJ,$KN&JLD.$K@_CV$5$l$?L>8E20Bg3X(BX$B%P%s%I(BMP$B%l!<%@$G4QB,$5$l$?(B $B9bEY#1(Bkm $B$K$*$1$k(BZh$B$N?eJ?CGLL?^!JG;C8!K!#1_8L$O%l!<%@$N4QB,HO0O!":Y

fig09

$B?^(B 9: $B?^(B8$B$N@~J,(BAB $B$K1h$C$?CGLL$K$*$1$k(BZh$B$H5$N.>l$N1tD>CGLL?^!#G;C8$O(BZh$B!"(B $B%Y%/%H%k$OCGLL$K1h$C$?5$N.!"e>:N.$NB.EY!J2<9_N.$NB.EY!K$r<($9!#(B


[$B$b$I$k(B]