$B8&5f>R2p(B(2012$BG/EY(B)

$BE_5(KL3$F;FbN&It$NAX>u1@>eC<$G4QB,$5$l$?2aNd5Q?eE)AX(B

0oC$B$+$i(B-40oC$B$^$G$N29EYHO0O$G$O9-$/2aNd5Q?eE)$,B8:_$9$k!#(B $B2aNd5Q?eE)$OI9N3;R$N7A@[email protected]$HL)@\$K4X78$7$F$*$j!"[email protected]$dJ|%s%G$r(B $BMQ$$$?I9>=N3;R$ND>@\4QB,$ru1@$K1@N3;R%>%s%G(B5$B4p$rJ|5e$7!"$3$N$&$A$N(B3$B4p$G2aNd5Q?eE)$,4QB,$5$l$?!#?^(B1$B$K(B 2011$BG/(B2$B7n(B11$BF|(B19$B;~(B45$BJ,$KJ|5e$5$l$?1@N3;R%>%s%G$K$h$C$Fh$B!K$N:GBgCM$,(B30 dBZ$BDxEY$N(B $BAX>u1@$G$"$C$?!#$3$NAX>u1@$N2aNd5Q?eE)AX$NFCD'$rD4$Y$?!#(B

$B1@N3;R%>%s%G2hA|$+$iH=CG$7$?1@D:9bEY$O!"(B3$B;vNc$H$b9bEYLs(B3 km$B$G$"$C$?!#(B2$B7n(B11$BF|$N%1!<%9(B $B$G$O2aNd5Q?eE)AX$,(B3$BAX$"$C$?$,!"(B25$BF|$H(B27$BF|$N%1!<%9$G$O(B1$BAX$N$_$,4QB,$5$l$?!#(B3$B;vNc$K(B $B6&DL$7$F!"1@D:IU6a$K2aNd5Q?eE)AX$,B8:_$7$F$$$?!#1@D:IU6a$KB8:_$9$k2aNd5Q?eE)AX$N(B $B8|$5$O(B60 m$B$+$i(B230 m$B!"$=$N29EYHO0O$O(B-21oC$B$+$i(B-25.5oC$B$G$"$C$?!#(B $B2aNd5Q?eE)AX$HBg5$$N0BDjEY!"?e>x5$NL$N4XO"$rD4$Y$k$?$a$K!"1@N3;R%>%s%G$H7k9g$7$F(B $BJ|5e$5$l$?%i%8%*%>%s%G$K$h$C$F4QB,$5$l$?290L!"AjEv290L!"K0OBAjEv290L$N1tD>J,I[$r?^(B2$B$K(B $B<($9!#2aNd5Q?eE)AXIU6a$G!"290L$O@dBPCfN)[email protected]$r$7$F$$$k!#1@D:IU6a$N2aNd5Q?eE)AX$N(B $BD>>e!J(B700 hPa$BIU6a!K$K$O6/$$0BDjAX$,B8:_$7!"$=$l$h$j>e6u$G$OHs>o$K4%$$$?5$2t$,B8:_(B $B$7$F$$$k$3$H$,8+$F

$B:#2s$N4QB,7k2L$h$j!";vNc?t$O>/$J$$$b$N$N!"KL3$F;FbN&It$G7A@.$5$l$k29BSDc5$05$NDL2a$K(B $B4X78$7$J$$AX>u1@$N>eC<$K!"9bIQEY$G2aNd5Q?eE)$,B8:_$7$F$$$?$3$H$r3NG'$7$?!#$3$N$3$H$+$i!"(B $BAX>u1@FbIt$K$*$$$F!"8GAjN3;R!JI9>=!K$H6&B8$7$F2aNd5Q?eE)$,0];}$5$l$k%a%+%K%:%`$,(B $BB8:_$9$k$3$H$,<(:6$5$l$k!#@h9T8&5f$h$j!"KL6K0h$NAX>u1@$G1@D:IU6a$K?tF|$K$o$?$C$F(B $B;}B3$9$k2aNd5Q?eE)AX$,7A@.$5$l$k$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$$$k!#K\;vNc$G$O9_?e%(%3!<$N7QB3;~4V$O(B $B?t;~4V$H$=$l$[$ID9$/$J$$$b$N$N!"2aNd5Q?eE)AX$h$j>eAX$,Hs>o$K4%$$$F$$$kE@$O6&DL$7$F$$$k!#(B $B$3$l$i$N0c$$$r@0M}$7$J$,$i!"E_5(KL3$F;FbN&It$NAX>u1@$N>eC<$G2aNd5Q?eE)AX$,$I$N$h$&$K(B $B0];}$5$l$F$$$k$+$r:#8eL@$i$+$K$7$F$$$/M=Dj$G$"$k!#(B

fig01

$B?^(B 1: 2011$BG/(B2$B7n(B11$BF|(B19$B;~(B45$BJ,!JF|K\I8=`;~!K$KJ|5e$5$l$?1@N3;R%>%s%G$K$h$j4QB,$5$l$?(B $B1@D:IU6a$N2aNd5Q?eE)$N2hA|!#(B

fig02

$B?^(B 2: $B1@N3;R%>%s%G$H7k9g$7$FJ|5e$5$l$?%i%8%*%>%s%G$K$h$j4QB,$5$l$?290L!J(BK$B!"$B!](B1$B!"Lp0u!K(B $B$N1tD>J,I[!#3%?'$NBS$O2aNd5Q?eE)AX$r<($9!#(B

2007$BG/(B7$B7n(B6$BF|$K4Z9q:Q=#Eg%O%i;3KLB&$rDL2a$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$N6/2=2aDx(B

2007$BG/(B7$B7n(B6$BF|!"DdBZA0@~$KH<$C$F7A@.$5$l$?9_?e%7%9%F%`$K$h$C$F4Z9q:Q=#Eg$N%O%i;3KLIt$H(B $BElIt$K6/$$9_?e$,$b$?$i$5$l$?!#:Q=#Eg$OEl@>J}8~$KD9$$BJ1_7A!JD9$5(B78 km$B!"I}(B35 km$B!K$G!"(B $B$=$NCf1{It$K%O%i;3!J9b$5(B1950 m$B!K$,$"$k!#9bEY(B3 km$B0J2<$NAjBP<>EY$,$*$h$=(B95%$B$H$$$&G_1+4|(B $BFCM-$NHs>o$K<>=a$JBg5$4D6->l$G!"$3$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$O%O%i;3$NKLB&$rDL2a$7$?!#K\8&5f$O!"(B $B$3$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N>\:Y$J(B3$B

$B9_?e%7%9%F%`$O:Q=#EgKL@>$N$*$h$=(B20 km$B$N2-9g$G!"Fn@>!]KLElJ}8~$NAv8~$r$b$D@~>u9_?eBS(B $B$H$7$F7A@.$5$l$?!#9_?e%7%9%F%`FbIt$NH?e$NNN0h$H$7$FDj5A$7$?9_?e%;%k$N(B $BH/C#$NMM;R$r!"%O%i;3$H$NAjBPE*$J0LCV4X78$KBP1~$7$F(B3$B$D$NCJ3,$KJ,$1$FD4$Y$?!#(B $B9_?e%7%9%F%`$,%O%i;3$K6aIU$/CJ3,!J?^(B3a$B!K$G$O!"9_?e%7%9%F%`8eLL$+$i$NHf3SE*6/$$(B $B@>Iw$H!"A0LL$NIw$H$N4V$G2B&!K$K(B $BNs>u$K>e>:5$N.0h$,4QB,$5$l$?!J?^(B3a$B:8B&$NIw$,6/2=$5$l!"6ICOE*$K>e>:N.0h0h$,7A@.$5$l$k$h$&$K$J$C$?!J?^(B3a$B1&B&$N(B $B]4QB,$N7k2L$+$i!"%U%k!<%I?t$O(B0.2$B$HDc$$(B $BCM$G$"$C$?!#$3$N$?$a!"DdBZA0@~$NFnB&$N<>=a$J5$N.$O%O%i;3$N<~0O$r1*2s$9$k$h$&$K(B $BN.$l$F$$$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#$3$N1*2sN.$K$h$j7A@.$5$l$k>e>:5$N.0h$,:Q=#EgKL@>It1h4_$K(B $BE~C#$7$?9_?e%7%9%F%`FbIt$N9_?e%;%k$N6/2=$K=EMW$JLr3d$r2L$?$7$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B $B9_?e%7%9%F%`$,%O%i;3$NKLB&$rDL2a$7$F$$$kCJ3,$G$b!"<>=a$J1*2sN.$K$h$k?e>x5$$N(B $B6!5k$rIw$H!"%O%i;3$NFnB&$+$iElB&$r(B $B1*2s$7$F$-$?Hf3SE*6/$$Fn@>Iw$H$N4V$G2.$5$/!"(B $B7k2L$H$7$F%O%i;3$N<~0O$r1*2s$9$k2B&$@$1$G$J$/!"(B $BKLElB&$N

fig03

$B?^(B3: 2007$BG/(B7$B7n(B6$BF|!"4Z9q:Q=#Eg$N%O%i;3<~JU$G$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N6/2=2aDx$N(B3$Be>:5$N.!J2<9_5$N.!K$NB8:_$r!"C;$$Gre>:5$N.0h$r$=$l$>$l<($9!#B@CGLL!K$r(B $BGX7J$K<($9!#(B

$B8=:_!&>-Mh5$8u$K$*$1$kG.BSDc5$05$N:GBg6/EY$r;YG[$9$k4D6->l$N5$8u3X(B

$B8=:_5$8u$H>-Mh5$8u$K$*$$$F!"G.BSDc5$05$N:GBg6/EY$K4sM?$9$k4D6->l$rM}2r$9$k$3$H$O!"(B $BG.BSDc5$05$N:GBg6/EY$N>-MhJQ2=$rM=B,$9$k>e$G=EMW$G$"$k!#4D6->l$NJ*M}NL$N$&$A!"(B $B3$LL?e29$dBPN.7w3&LLIU6a$N29EY$OG.BSDc5$05$,3MF@$9$k%(%M%k%.!e8B!J(BMaximum Potential Intensity; MPI$B!K$rF3=P$7$?!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!"8=:_!"G.BSDc5$05$N(B $B6/EY$N?dDj$K(BMPI$B$O9-$/MxMQ$5$l$F$$$k$b$N$N!"$[$H$s$I$NG.BSDc5$05$N:GBg6/EY$O=>Mh$N(B $B7P83E*!&M}O@E*$J(BMPI$B$KE~C#$7$F$$$J$$!#$3$N$3$H$OG.BSDc5$05$N:GBg6/EY$r@)8B$9$kB>$N(B $BMW0x$,B8:_$9$k$3$H$r<(:6$7$F$$$k!#(BZeng et al. (2007, 2008) $B$O!"3$LL?e29$HBPN.7w3&LL(B $BIU6a$N29EY$H$$$&G.NO3XE*$JJ*M}NL$K2C$($F!"G.BSDc5$05$N0\F0B.EY$H?eJ?Iw$N1tD>%7%"$H$$$&(B $BNO3XE*$JJ*M}NL$r9MN8$7$F!"G.BSDc5$05$N7P83E*$J:GBg6/EY(B $B!J(BEmpirical Maximum Intensity; EMI$B!K$rDs>'$7$?!#$J$*!"(BMPI$B!"(BEMI$B$H$b4D6->l$NJ*M}NL$+$i(B $BG.BSDc5$05$N:GBgIwB.$r8+@Q$b$kNL$G$"$k$?$a$K!"B.EY$NC10L$GI=8=$5$l$k$b$N$G$"$k!#(B $BK\8&5f$G$O!"KL@>B@J?MN0h$rBP>]$H$7$F!"8=:_5$8u$H6aL$Mh5$8u!">-Mh5$8u$K$*$1$k(BEMI$B$H(B mail protected];R$r7W;;$7!"(BEMI$B$N>[email protected];R$N4sM?$r8+@Q$b$k$3$H$rL\E*$H$9$k!#(B

$B2r@O$K$O5$>]8&5f=jBg5$Bg=[4D%b%G%k$N=PNO7k2L$rMQ$$$k!#8=:_5$8u$H6aL$Mh5$8u!">-Mh5$8u$N(B $B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$rMQ$$$F!"KL@>B@J?MN0h$K$*$1$k(BEMI$B$r7W;;$7$?$H$3$m!">-Mh5$8u$G$O(B $B8=:_5$8u$KHf$Y$FM-0U$K$*$h$=(B20 m s-1$BA}2C$9$k$3$H$,<($5$l$?!J?^(B4$B!K!#(BEMI$B$N(B mail protected];R$N4sM?$K$D$$$F$bD4$Y$?!#3$LL?e29$O6aL$Mh5$8u!">-Mh5$8u$H$bM-0U$KA}2C$7!"$=$N(B $BJQ2=NL$bBg$-$$$3$H$+$i!"(BEMI$B$NA}2C$K:G$b4sM?$7$F$$$k$3$H$,<($5$l$?!#BPN.7w3&LLIU6a$N29EY$O(B $B6aL$Mh!&>-Mh5$8u$H$bM-0U$KA}2C$9$k$3$H$G(BEMI$B$NA}2C$rM^$($k$b$N$N!"$=$N4sM?$OBg$-$J(B $B$b$N$G$O$J$+$C$?!#NO3XE*0x;R$N$&$A!"G.BSDc5$05$N0\F0B.EY$O>-Mh5$8u$K$*$$$F$bJQ2=$O(B $B>.$5$/!"(BEMI$B$NJQ2=$KBP$9$k4sM?$O$[$H$s$I$_$i$l$J$+$C$?!#?eJ?Iw$N1tD>%7%"$O>-Mh5$8u$K(B $B$*$$$FM-0U$K$*$h$=(B1$B!A(B2 m s-1$B8:>/$9$kNN0h$,6I=jE*$K=P8=$7!"$=$NNN0h$K$*$1$k(B EMI $B$NCM$r$*$h$=(B2$B!A(B4 m s-1 $BA}2C$5$;$F$$$?!#NO3XE*0x;R$H$7$F!"?eJ?Iw$N(B $B1tD>%7%"$N8:>/$K$h$k8z2L$O!">-Mh5$8u$K$*$1$k(BEMI$B$NA}2C$KBP$7$F$*$h$=(B10%$B$N4sM?$r$7$F$$$k(B $B$3$H$,<($5$l$?!J?^(B5$B!K!#(B

fig04

$B?^(B4: $BKL@>B@J?MN0h$K$*$1$kCH8u4|!J(B5$B7n!A(B10$B7n!K$N(BEMI$B$N8=:_5$8u$KBP$9$k>-Mh5$8u$NJQ2=NL!#(B $B@5$NCM$O>-Mh5$8u$K$*$1$k(BEMI$B$NA}2C$r<($9!#C10L$O(B m s-1 $B$G$"$k!#(B

fig05

$B?^(B5: $BKL@>B@J?MN0h$K$*$1$kCH8u4|!J(B5$B7n!A(B10$B7n!K$N(BEMI$B$NJQ2=NL$KBP$9$kNO3XE*0x;R(B $B!J$[$\?eJ?Iw$N1tD>%7%"!K$N4sM?$rG;C8!J(Bm s-1$B!K$G<($9!#(B

2009$BG/(B8$B7n(B9$BF|J<8K8):4MQD.$KBg1+$r$b$?$i$7$?DdBZ@-%^%k%A%;%k7?9_?e%7%9%F%`$N9=B$$H0];}2aDx(B

$B7c$7$$9_?e$r$b$?$i$99_?e%7%9%F%`$N$&$A!"@~>u$KAH?%2=$5$l$?$b$N$N9=B$$K$D$$$F$OB?$/$N(B $B@h9T8&5f$,$"$k!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!"CD2t>u$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N9=B$$K$D$$$F$N8&5f$O$"$^$j(B $B8+$i$l$J$$!#(B2009$BG/(B8$B7n(B9$BF|!"J<8K8):4MQD.IU6a$G(B1$B;~4V$K:GBg(B89 mm$B$H$$$&B?NL$N9_?e$,(B $B$b$?$i$5$l!"B?$/$NHo32$,=P$?!#5$>]D#%l!<%@$N%G!<%?$r2r@O$7$?$H$3$m!"$3$NB?NL$N(B $B9_?e$ODdBZ$7$?CD2t>u$N%^%k%A%;%k7?9_?e%7%9%F%`$K$h$j$b$?$i$5$l$?$b$N$G$"$C$?!#(B $BK\8&5f$G$O!"CD2t>u$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N9=B$$H0];}2aDx$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$?$a$K!"5$>]D#%l!<%@$d(B $BCO>e4QB,$N7k2L$r2r@O$7!"1@2rA|%b%G%k(BCloud Resolving Storm Simulator$B!J(BCReSS$B!K$rMQ$$$F(B $B?eJ?2rA|EY(B500 m$B$G$N?tCM

$B9_?e%7%9%F%`$,H/C#$7$F$$$k;~!";M9q2-$NB@J?MN>e$KBfIw(B9$B9f!J(BT0909$B!K$,0LCV$7$F$*$j!"(B $BKLEl1oJU$r2s$j9~$`$h$&$KCH<>5$2t$,6a5&!&Cf9q!&;M9qCOJ}$KN.F~$7$F$$$?!#9_?e%7%9%F%`$O(B $B@%8MFb3$>e$GH/@8$7!"Cf9qCOJ}$X$N>eN&$H$H$b$KH/C#$7$F!"Cf9q;3CO$NFn

CReSS$B$rMQ$$$F$3$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$rBP>]$H$7$??tCMu$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$N(B $B7A>u$d$*$h$=(B2$B;~4V$K$o$?$kDdBZ$r:F8=$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$?!#$?$@$7!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$,DdBZ$7$?(B $B0LCV$O$d$dKLEl$K$:$l$F$$$?!#?^(B6$B$K(BCReSS$B$K$h$k%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$+$i9_?e%7%9%F%`$,(B $BDdBZ$7$F$$$?;~9o!J(B8$B7n(B9$BF|(B20$B;~(B00$BJ,!K$N9_?e6/EY!"9bEY(B1 km$B$K$*$1$k?eJ?H/;6$H?eJ?Iw$r<($9!#(B $B9_?e0h$,@~>u$G$O$J$/CD2t>u$K9-$,$C$F$$$k$3$H!"Bg$-$J9_?e6/EY$NCM(B $B!J(B120 mm h-1$B!K$r<($99_?e%;%k$,9_?e0h$NFnElB&$K0LCV$7$F$$$k$3$H$,8+$FB&$K$+$1$F2Iw$,9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFnB&$d@>B&$K8~$1$F?a$-=P$7$F$$$kMM;R$,8+$F$JFnElIw$,<}B+$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFnElB&$@$1$G$J$/@>B&$K(B $B$*$$$F$b?7$7$$9_?e%;%k$,H/@8$7!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$,CD2t>u$K$J$C$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#?^(B7$B$K?^(B6$B$H(B $BF1;~9o$N9bEY(B5 km$B$K$*$1$k1@:.9gHf$H?eJ?Iw$r<($9!#9_?e%7%9%F%`$N@>B&$K$O!"$3$N9bEY$K(B $B$*$1$k0lHLIw$HF1$8Fn@>Iw$,8+$i$l$k!#0lJ}!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$NElB&$K$O!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$r(B $B2s$j9~$`MM$JFnIw$,8+$i$l$F$$$k!#9_?e%7%9%F%`FbIt$K$*$$$F!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$N@>B&$K0LCV$9$k(B $B9_?e%;%k$OFn@>Iw$KN.$5$l$FKLEl?J$7$F$$$k!#0lJ}!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$NFnElB&$N9_?e%7%9%F%`$O(B $BFnIw$KN.$5$l$FKL?J$7$F$$$k!#5$>]D#%l!<%@$N4QB,7k2L$G$b$3$l$i$N9_?e%;%k$N0\F0J}8~$N(B $BAj0c$O8+$i$l$F$$$?!#$^$?!"0[$J$kJ}8~$K0\F0$9$k9_?e%;%k$,J;9g$9$k$3$H$G9_?e6/EY$,(B $B5^7c$KA}2C$9$kMM;R$,%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$G8+$i$l$?!#(B

fig06

$B?^(B6: 2009$BG/(B8$B7n(B9$BF|(B20$B;~(B00$BJ,!JF|K\I8=`;~!"7W;;3+;O(B11$B;~4V8e!K$K$*$1$k9_?e6/EY(B (mm h-1$B!'%3%s%?(B)$B!"9bEY(B1 km$B$K$*$1$k?eJ?H/;6(B $B!J(B1×10-4 s-1$B!'G;C8!"G;$$?'$,<}B+0h(B)$B!"(B $B?eJ?Iw(B(m s-1$B!'Lp0u(B)$B!#9_?e6/EY$N%3%s%?$O(B30 mm h-1$BKh$G$"$k!#(B $BGr$$NN0h$OCO7A$G$"$k!#(B

fig07

$B?^(B7: $B?^(B6$B$HF1;~9o$K$*$1$k9_?e6/EY(B(mm h-1$B!'%3%s%?(B)$B!"9bEY(B5 km$B$K$*$1$k1@:.9gHf(B (g kg-1$B!'G;C8(B)$B!"?eJ?Iw(B(m s-1$B!'Lp0u(B)$B!#1@:.9gHf$O1@?e:.9gHf$H(B $B1@I9:.9gHf$NOB$G$"$k!#9_?e6/EY$N%3%s%?$O(B30 mm h-1$BKh$G$"$k!#(B

CINDY$B4QB,4|4V$K$*$1$k(B3$B

2011$BG/(B10$B7n(B1$BF|$h$j(B2012$BG/(B1$B7n(B31$BF|$^$G!"%^%C%G%s!&%8%e%j%"%s?6F0(B $B!J(BMadden-Julian Oscillation: MJO$B!K$KH<$&Bg5,LO$J1@0h$,G.BS%$%s%IMN>e$G7A@.$5$l$k2aDx$r(B $BL@$i$+$K$9$k$?$a$N9q:]6&F14QB,%W%m%8%'%/%H(B Cooperative Indian Ocean experiment on intraseasonal variability in the Year 2011 (CINDY2011) $B$,3$MN8&5f3+H/5!9=$N

$B7W;;NN0h$O!"(BCINDY$B$N9bAX5$>]4QB,%"%l%$$r4^$`$h$&$K@_Dj$7$?!#(BCINDY$B4|4VCf!"(B $B?eJ?2rA|EY(B0.045$BEY!J$*$h$=(B4.8 km$BAjEv!K$G$N(BCReSS-NHOES$B$rMQ$$$?Bg5$3$MN7k9g(B $B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s!"F12rA|EY$G$N(BCReSS$BC1FH%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$r$[$\KhF|]D#$h$jG[?.$5$l$k(BGlobal Spectral Model$B!J(BGSM$B!K$N7k2L$r!"(B $B3$MNB&$OJF9q$N(BNaval Research Laboratory$B$h$jG[?.$5$l$k(BNavy Coastal Model (NCOM)$B$N7k2L$r(B $B;HMQ$7$?!#%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$N(B24$B;~4VJ,$r%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s7k2L$H$7$F;HMQ$7$?!#(B

$B3$MN8&5f3+H/5!9=$N3$MNCO5e8&5fA%$_$i$$$NDjE@4QB,E@$OG.BS%$%s%IMN>e$K;M3Q7A$KE83+$5$l$?(B $B4QB,%"%l%$$NFnElCe=\$+$i=y!9$K?<$/$J$j!"(B10$B7n2<=\$K$O(B100 m$BDxEY$^$G?<$/$J$C$F$$$?!#(B $B0lJ}!"(B11$B7nCf=\0J9_$K$O0!I=AX$KDc1vJ,G;EY$N?e$,B8:_$7$F$$$k$3$H$,8+$F2rA|EY$,AF$$$3$H$K5/0x$9$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B

$B7W;;NN0hFb$G$N3$LL?e29!"3$LL$+$i$N82G.!&@xG.%U%i%C%/%9$J$I$K$D$$$F$N(BCReSS-NHOES $B7k9g.$5$$$?$a$KNN0hJ?6Q$N(B $B:9$H$7$F82:_2=$7$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$,M}M3$G$"$k!#$3$N7k2L$+$i!"G.BS0h$K$*$1$k(B1$BF|DxEY$N(B $B?tCM

$B$3$N7k2L$r]3X8&5f<<$G$OF|K\<~JU0h$K$*$$$F(BCReSS-NHOES$B$rMQ$$$?KhF|$N(B $B%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s

fig08

$B?^(B8: $B$_$i$$4QB,E@!JEl7P(B80.5$BEY!"Fn0^(B8.0$BEY!K$K$*$1$k(B2011$BG/(B10$B7n(B1$BF|!J(BDOY=274$B!K$+$i(B11$B7n(B30$BF|(B $B!J(BDOY=334$B!K$^$G$N(BCTD$B$K$h$j4QB,$5$l$?1vJ,G;EY$N;~4V?e?^!K!"$*$h$S(B CReSS-NHOES$B$K$h$j7W;;$5$l$?1vJ,G;EY$N;~4V?

fig09

$B?^(B9: CReSS-NHOES$B$rMQ$$$?4QB,%"%l%$Fb$N@xG.%U%i%C%/%9$N;~4VJQ2=!#9u(B1$B

2011$BG/BfIw(B12$B9f$KH<$&5*0KH>Eg$K$*$1$k9_?e9=B$$N;~4VJQ2=(B

2011$BG/$NBfIw(B12$B9f(B(T1112)$B$N;M9q!";M9q!&Cf9qCOJ}$X$N>eN&$HKL>e$KH<$$!"5*0KH>Eg$NB?$/$N(B $BCO0h$G(B1000 mm$B$rD6$($k9_?e$,4QB,$5$l$?!#$3$N4V!"Am9_?eNL$,:G$bB?$+$C$?F`NI8)>eKL;3$G$O(B 1808.5 mm $B$r5-O?$7$?!#$3$l$OF1COE@$NG/4VAm9_?eNL$N$*$h$=(B3$BJ,$N(B2$B$KAjEv$9$kNL$G$"$k!#(B T1112$B$N@\6a$*$h$S(B9$B7n(B3$BF|$N9bCN8)$X$N>eN&$^$G$N4V!"BfIw$N?JO)$N1&B&!JElB&!K$KEv$?$k(B $B5*0KH>Eg$G$O!"CH<>5$N.$NN.F~$KH<$C$F;~4V1+NL(B20$B!A(B30 mm $B$N6/$$1+$,(B24$B;~4V0J>e$K$o$?$C$F(B $BO"B3$7$F4QB,$5$l$?!#0lJ}!"(B T1112 $B$NDL2a8e$K$O!"?t;~4V$K$o$?$C$F;~4V1+NL(B 100 mm $B$r(B $BD6$($k$h$&$JLTNu$J1+$HMnMk$,4QB,$5$l$?!#BfIw$NDL2a;~$HDL2a8e$N9_?e9=B$$NAj0c$r(B $BL@$i$+$K$9$k$?$a$K!"5$>]D#$N4QB,!"9qEZ8rDL>J$N(BX$B%P%s%I%^%k%A%Q%i%a!<%?!J(BMP$B!K%l!<%@!"(B $BCfItEENODs6!$NMnMk0LCVI>Dj%7%9%F%`$rMxMQ$7$F2r@O$r9T$C$?!#(B

$B?^(B10$B$K;0=E8)5\@n$K$*$1$k9_?eNL$H%(%3!u(B $B!J=D2#Hf!K$N;XI8$H$J$k%l!<%@H?DR$B!K$OM;2rAXIU6a$G$b@5$NCM$r(B $B<($7$F$*$j!J?^N,!K!"pGN3;R$,$[$H$s$IB8:_$7$F$$$J$$$3$H$,<(:6$5$l$?!#$3$N4V!"(BT1112 $B$K(B $BH<$&Fn@>$+$i$NCH<>5$2t$,5*0KH>Eg$N;33Y$K$h$j6/@)E*$K;}$A>e$2$i$l$k$3$H$G1+E)$r7A@.$7!"(B $BCH$+$$1+2aDx$K$h$C$FCO>e$K6/$$9_?e$r$b$?$i$7$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#0lJ}!"(BT1112 $BDL2a8e$K$O!"(B 10 dBZ $B$N%(%3!eAX$G$N(BZDR $B$OIi$NCM$r<($7$F(B $B$*$j!"MnMk$b4QB,$5$l$?$3$H$+$i!"pGN3;R$,B8:_$7$F$$$k$3$H$,<(:6$5$l$?!#?^(B11$B$K(BT1112 $BDL2a8e$N(B9$B7n(B4$BF|(B04$B;~$K$*$1$k%l!<%@H?(B-$BKLElCGLL?^$r<($9!#KLElB&$K%(%3!B&!J?^$N:8B&!K$G$O%(%3!]1R@1$N?e>x5$2hA|$N0E0h$K(B $BBP1~$7$F$*$j!"4%Ag6u5$$,N.F~$7$F$$$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#2$+$iCH<>5$2t$,!"(B $B>eAX$K$O@>B&$+$i4%Ag$7$?5$2t$,N.F~$7$FIT0BDjEY$,A}2C$7!"MnMk$r$b$?$i$9$h$&$J7c$7$$(B $BBPN.$,H/C#$7$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B

fig10

$B?^(B10: 2011$BG/(B9$B7n(B2$BF|(B12$B;~!JF|K\I8=`;~!K$+$i(B4$BF|(B12$B;~$^$G$N;0=E8)5\@n$K$*$1$k(B10$BJ,4V9_?eNL(B $B!JK@%0%i%U!K$H(BMP$B%l!<%@$K$h$j4QB,$5$l$?F1COE@$N(B10 dBZ$B%(%3!

fig11

$B?^(B11: 9$B7n(B4$BF|(B04$B;~$N5*0KH>Eg$rFn@>!]KLElJ}8~$K2#@Z$kCGLL$K$*$1$k(BMP$B%l!<%@$K$h$j4QB,$5$l$?(B $BH?CGLL!#G;C8$O(B10 dBZ$B$h$jBg$-$JNN0h$r(B10 dBZ $BKh$rI=$7$F$$$k!#(B


[$B$b$I$k(B]