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$B29CH2=5$8u$rA[Dj$7$??eJ?2rA|EY(B20 km$B$NA45e%b%G%keIwB.$O(B88 m s-1$B$KC#$7$?!#?^(B1$B$O8=:_5$8u$H29CH2=5$8u$N$=$l$>$l(B30$B8D$:$D$NBfIw$K$D$$$F!"6/EY=g$KJB$Y$?$b$N$r<($7$F$*$j!"29CH2=5$8u$K$*$$$F!":GDcCf?45$05$O$h$jDc2eIwB.$bA}2C$7$F$*$j!"BfIw6/EY$NA}2C$,82Cx$G$"$k$3$H$r8+$F.$5$$$3$H$,<($5$l$?!#(B

$BKI:R$N4QE@$+$i!"%9!<%Q!eN&COE@$OBg$-$JLdBj$G$"$k!#?^(B2$B$K29CH2=5$8u$N%@%&%s%9%1!<%k%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$K$*$$$FH/@8$7$?(B12$B8D$N%9!<%Q!ItKLB@J?MN$NNN0h$rJP$j$J$/DL2a$7$F$*$j!"$=$N$&$A$N(B9$B8D$N%9!<%Q!8~$7$F$$$k!#$5$i$K!"$=$N$&$A$N(B6$B8D$N%9!<%Q!Bg@>MN$N3$LL?e29$,9b$$$?$a$G$"$k!#$3$l$i$N7k2L$O!"F|K\$r4^$`El%"%8%"$N9q!9$N$&$ACf0^EY$K0LCV$9$kNN0h$b>-Mh$O%9!<%Q!

fig01

$B?^(B 1: $B8=:_5$8u!J:Y@~!K$H>-Mh$N29CH2=5$8u!JB@@~!K$N%@%&%s%9%1!<%k%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%seIwB.!J(BWS$B!'@D@~!K$r6/EY$N=g$KJB$Y$?$b$N!#(B

fig02

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fig03

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$BI=(B1: $B4QB,CM!J(BBest track$B!K!":F2r@O%G!<%?!J(BJRA55$B!K$H?eJ?2rA|EY$rJQ2=$5$;$?-1$B!K!":GBgIwB.!J(BMWS; m s-1$B!K$H$=$NJQ2=NL!J(BMax. dMWS; m s-1$B!K!#(B

Table01

$BKL@>B@J?MN2F5(%b%s%9!<%s4|$K4QB,$5$l$?%7%"!<>l$K$*[email protected](B

$BKL@>B@J?MN0h$N2F5(%b%s%9!<%s4|$K$O!"JPElIw$N2Iw$O!"$=$N@hC%7%"!<$NBg$-$J>l$r7A@.$9$k$H$H$b$K!"28E20Bg3X$N(BX$B%P%s%IJPGH%I%C%W%i!<%l!<%@$H3$MN8&5f3+H/5!9=!J(BJAMSTEC$B!K$N(BX$B%P%s%I%I%C%W%i!<%l!<%@$N4QB,HO0OFb$rDL2a$7$?%/%i%&%I%/%i%9%?!<[email protected]$r2r@O$7$?7k2L$rJs9p$9$k!#(B

$B=8Cf4QB,4|4VCf$N(B6$B7n(B25$BF|$+$i(B26$BF|$K$+$1$F!"%Q%i%*6&OB9q$NElB&$K0LCV$7$F$$$?%b%s%9!<%s9gN.0h$N2]4QB,$N7k2L$+$i!"%Q%i%*$G$O9bEY(B5 km$B0J2<$GFn@>Iw!"$=$N>eAX$GKLElIw>l$H$J$C$F$*$j!"Bg$-$J1tD>%7%"!<$,$"$k>l$G$"$C$?!#Iw$N>l$KBP1~$7$F!"BPN.7w2eAX$G4QB,$5$l$kAX>u@-%(%3!<$d@E;_5$>]1R@1$G4QB,$5$l$k>eAX1@$OFn@>?J$7$F$$$?!#?^(B4$B$K(B6$B7n(B25$BF|(B00$B;~!J@$3&I8=`;~!K$+$i(B27$BF|(B00$B;~$^$G$NL>8E20Bg3XJPGH%l!<%@$G4QB,$5$l$?4QB,HO0OFb$N:GBg%(%3!!J(B25$BF|(B18$B;~$+$i(B26$BF|(B01$B;~!K$O!"%l!<%@4QB,HO0OFb$K%b%s%9!<%s9gN.0h$+$i@>?J$9$k>eAX1@$,$+$+$kA0$N;~4VBS$G$"$k!#$3$N4V!"%(%3!!J(B26$BF|(B01$B;~$+$i(B26$BF|(B09$B;~!K$O!"%l!<%@4QB,HO0OFb$K>eAX1@$,$+$+$C$F$-$?;~4VBS$G$"$k!#$3$N4V!"%(%3!.$5$JCM$H$J$C$F$$$k!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!"AX>u@-9_?e0h$,9-$$HO0O$K9-$,$C$?$3$H$G!"9-$$HO0O$K9_?e$,$b$?$i$5$l$k$3$H$G!"BP>]NN0h$K$*$1$k9_?eNL$OBg$-$JCM$r<($7$F$$$k!#(B

$B@h9T8&5f!J(BYamada et al. 2010$B!K$h$j!"1tD>%7%"!<$,Bg$-$J>l$GH/@8$9$kG.BS0h$N%/%i%&%I%/%i%9%?!<$G$O!"El?J$9$k2?J$9$k>eAX$N1@0h$,=E$J$k;~$K9_?eNL$,:GBg$H$J$k$3$H$,<($5$l$F$$$?!#K\8&5f$G$O!"9_?eNL$NA}2C$O!":G=i$KBPN.@-9_?e0h$K$h$k6/$$9_?e$,!"eAX1@$,$+$+$C$?CJ3,$GAX>u@-9_?e0h$,9-$$HO0O$KJ,I[$9$k$3$H$G$b$?$i$5$l$k$3$H$r<($7$F$$$k!#>eAX1@$,$+$+$C$?CJ3,$G$NAX>u@-9_?e$N7A@.$K$O!">eAX1@$+$i$NI9>=N3;R$N6!5k$H2

fig04

$B?^(B4: PALAU2013$B4|4VCf$N(B2013$BG/(B6$B7n(B25$BF|(B00$B;~$+$i(B27$BF|(B00$B;~!J@$3&I8=`;~!K$K!"L>8E20Bg3X(BX$B%P%s%IJPGH%l!<%@$NH?J}3$>e$NEl@>(B30 km$B!_FnKL(B60 km$B$NHO0OFb$G$N9_?e6/EY$N;~7ONs!#>e?^$NH!K!"GK@~$O(B30 dBZ$B$GDj5A$7$?%(%3!H!K!"E@@~$O9bEY(B2 km$B$K$*$1$k(B15 dBZ$B0J>e$NNN0h$GDj5A$7$?%(%3!H!K$r<($9!#(B30 dBZ$B$GDj5A$7$?%(%3!J}3$>e$NBP>]NN0h$K$*$1$kA0(B1$B;~4VJ?6Q9_?e6/EY(B(mm h-1$B!':8=D<4$NL\@9;2>H!K$r!"-1$B!'1&=D<4$NL\@9;2>H(B)$B$r<($9!#3%?'$NK@%0%i%U$OA0(B1$B;~4V$NA4$F$N;~9o$K$*$1$k9_?e6/EY$r4QB,$G$-$F$$$J$$$3$H$r<($9!#(B

PALAU2013$B$G4QB,$5$l$?9_?e%7%9%F%`Fb$N1@HyJ*M}3XE*9=B$(B

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$B$3$N9_?e%7%9%F%`A0LL$NBPN.@-9_?e0h6aK5$K(B1$B4p!"8eLL$NAX>u@-9_?e0h$K$O(B3$B4p$N(BHYVIS$B$rJ|5e$7$?!#BPN.@-9_?e0h$KJ|5e$7$?(BHYVIS$B$G$O!"G;L)1@N3IU$NI9>=N3;R$dpGN3;R$OA4$/4QB,$5$l$J$+$C$?!#$^$?!"Cl>uN3;R$HHD>uN3;R$O$=$l$>$l=N3;R$,4QB,$5$l$?29EYBS$O>.NS%@%$%d%0%i%`!J(BKobayashi 1961$B!K$K$*$1$kCl>uN3;R$,@.D9$9$k29EYBS!J(B-4$B!n!A(B-10$B!n!K!"HD>uN3;R$,@.D9$9$k29EYBS!J(B-10$B!n!A(B-22$B!n!K$h$j$b>eAX$G$O$"$k$,!"7A@.$5$l$?N3;R$,>e>:5$N.$K$h$C$F>e8~$-$K0\N.$7$F$$$k>u67$G(BHYVIS$B$K$h$je>:5$N.0h$GI9>=N3;R$,7A@.$5$l$F$$$?$H9M$($k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#$^$?!"Cl>uN3;R!"HD>uN3;R$H$bAX>u@-9_?e0h$G$ON3;R$,B??tB8:_$9$k9bEY$d>eC<9bEY$,!"BPN.@-9_?e0h$+$iN%$l$k$K=>$C$FDc2<$7$F$$$k$3$H$b3NG'$G$-$?!#$3$N$3$H$+$i!"BPN.@-9_?e0hCf$G7A@.$5$l$?N3;R$OAX>u@-9_?e0h$K0\N.$5$l$k$H$H$b$K!"<+=E$K$h$jD@9_$7$F$$$k$H?d;!$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B

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$B$3$l$i$N4QB,7k2L$O!"G.BS0h$K$*$1$kHs>o$KH/C#$7$?%9%3!<%k%i%$%s$N9=B$$r<($7$?@h9T8&5f!J(BHouze 1989$B!K$H0lCW$9$k$H$3$m$OB?$$$b$N$N!"BPN.@-9_?e0h$K$*$1$kG;L)1@N3IUI9>=N3;R$dpGN3;R$,8+$i$l$J$+$C$?$3$H$d!"A4NN0h$G?K>u7k>=!&u7k>=$J$I$,8+$i$l$J$+$C$?$3$H$O!"K\8&5f$GF@$i$l$??7$7$$CN8+$G$"$k!#$3$l$i$N4QB,7k2L$r>\:Y$K8!F$$7$F$$$/$3$H$G!"9_?e%7%9%F%`$NH/@8CO0h$dBg5$4D6->l$K$h$k9_?e%7%9%F%`$N1@J*M}3XE*$J9=B$$NAj0cE@$rL@$i$+$K$7$F$$$/I,MW$,$"$k!#(B

fig05

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fig06

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fig07

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fig08

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fig09

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